hermans-head

Sesshomaru

2009-04-10T00:19:00.000-07:00

Sesshomaru is InuYasha's older half-brother. Like their father, he is the Lord of the Western Lands, although Sesshomaru maintains no permanent home. As a full-blooded Inu-yokai, he is a very powerful demon and nearly unequalled in raw power, but is unable to defeat Naraku in volume twenty-three of the manga. Unlike almost every other sentient demon, aside from those affiliated with his and InuYasha's father in some way, he has no interest in possessing even one shard of the Shikon Jewel to enhance his powers, since he is already supremely confident of his own strength.

Initially, he is ruthless and cruel in his pursuit of Tetsusaiga and his dealings with InuYasha, whom he despises for being a half-demon and consorting with humans. However, Sesshomaru's behavior and attitudes gradually change from the influence of his sword Tenseiga and the human child Rin. His growing compassion finally prompts Tōtōsai to reforge Tenseiga, enabling the Meidou Zangetsuha ("dark path of the dawn's moon blast") attack. After Naraku attempts to manipulate him by using Rin as a hostage, Sesshomaru becomes determined to destroy Naraku. He stops trying to claim or destroy Tetsusaiga, and, while still sometimes hostile in his attitude toward InuYasha, he is sometimes "helpful" in his encounters with InuYasha's group.

2007-12-05T08:35:00.001-08:00

Glen Roy in the Lochaber area of the Highlands of Scotland is a National Nature Reserve and is noted for the geological puzzle of the three roads ("Parallel Roads"), which are in fact preserved ice-dammed lake shorelines, from a brief (some 900-1,100 years in duration), climatic deterioration, during a much longer period of deglaciation, subsequent to the last main ice age (The Devensian). From a distance they resemble man-made roads running along the side of the Glen, hence the name. The glen runs north from Glen Spean which takes the main A86 trunk road and the railway of the West Highland Line, both running about a further 14 miles southwest to Fort William. Roy Bridge railway station and the village of Roybridge are sited where the River Roy joins the River Spean, and from there a narrow single track road runs north up the glen for almost 10 miles to Brae Roy Lodge.The Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, Scottish Highlands, represent a series of ice-dammed lake shorelines produced during the cold climate of the Younger Dryas (GS1). It has been demonstarted by Dawson, Hampton, Harrison, Greengrass and Fretwell (2002) that each lake shoreline exhibits evidence of glacio-isostatic tilting associated with the decay of the last (Late Devensian) ice sheet. The directions of tilting of the three shorelines (in the quadrant between north and east), are at variance with published glacio-isostatic uplift isobases based on marine shoreline data that suggest a pattern of decreased uplift towards the northwest. The gradient of shoreline tilting (between 0.11 and 0.14 m km-1) is similar to measured regional tilts of a well-developed marine shoreline (the Main Rock Platform) considered to have been produced in Scotland during the same period of extreme cold climate. Consideration of the ice-dammed lake shoreline data also points to the former occurrence of two separate episodes of tectonic activity during the Younger Dryas (Greenland Stadial 1 - GS1). In the 19th century, the Parallel Roads attracted the attention of many of the founding fathers of modern geology, including the Reverend William Buckland, James Geikie, Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell and Joseph Prestwich. This interest ensured that the Parallel Roads, and Glen Roy in particular, featured prominently in the development of geological science.
Interest in the Parallel Roads continues to this day, both among earth scientists intrigued by the dramatic geological and geomorphological processes that shaped the landscape, and among modern travellers and tourists attracted by the natural wonder of the landforms. Darwin made his "Gigantic Blunder" by believing that the shorelines were of marine origin, rejecting Agassz's (1840) Glacial theory, postulating shorelines being cut by freeze-thaw processes of lake ice, during the maximum extent of glacial ice in the climatic reversal known as the Younger Dryas / Greenland Stadial 1 or locally the Loch Lomond Readvance. Four decades after his 1839 paper, Darwin conceded that he was incorrect shortly before his death. However, he had conceded that he was embarrassed by "that confounded paper of mine" as early as 1861, in letters to Thomas.F.Jamieson, quoted by Jamieson (1863; 1892).

2007-12-04T09:04:00.001-08:00

Anne Oldfield (1683 - October 23, 1730), English actress, was born in London, the daughter of a soldier.
She worked for a time as apprentice to a semptress, until she attracted George Farquhar's attention by reciting some lines from a play in his hearing. She thereupon obtained an engagement at Drury Lane, where her beauty rather than her ability slowly brought her into favour, and it was not until ten years later that she was generally acknowledged as the best actress of her time.
In polite comedy, especially, she was unrivalled, and even the usually grudging Cibber acknowledged that she had as much as he to do with the success of the Careless Husband (1704), in which she created the part of Lady Modish, reluctantly given her because Mrs Verbruggen was ill. She also played the title role in Ben Jonson's Epicoene, and Celia in his Volpone. In tragedy, too, she won laurels, and the list of her parts, many of them original, is a long and varied one.
She was the theatrical idol of her day. Her exquisite acting and lady-like carriage were the delight of her contemporaries, and her beauty and generosity found innumerable eulogists, as well as sneering detractors. Alexander Pope, in his Sober Advice from Horace, wrote of her "Engaging Oldfield, who, with grace and ease, Could join the arts to ruin and to please."
It was to her that the satirist alluded as the lady who detested being buried in woollen, who said to her maid "No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face; One would not, sure, be frightful when one's dead, And Betty give this cheek a little red." She was but forty-seven when she died on 23 October 1730, leaving all the court and half the town in tears.
She divided her property, for that time a large one, between her natural sons, the first by Arthur Mainwaring (1668-1712) who had left her and his son half his fortune on his death and the second by Lieut.-General Charles Churchill (d. 1745). Mrs Oldfield was buried in Westminster Abbey, beneath the monument to Congreve, but when Churchill applied for permission to erect a monument there to her memory the dean of Westminster refused it.

2007-12-03T07:32:00.001-08:00

The Almohad Dynasty (From Arabic الموحدون al-Muwahhidun, i.e. "the monotheists" or "the Unitarians"), was a Berber, Muslim dynasty that was founded in the 12th century, and conquered all northern Africa as far as Libya, together with Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).
Between 1130 and his death in 1163, Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi, a Berber from the Masmuda tribe, defeated the ruling Almoravids and extended his power over all northern Africa as far as Libya, becoming Emir of Marrakech in 1149. Al-Andalus, Moorish Iberia, followed the fate of Africa, and in 1170 the Almohads transferred their capital to Seville. However, by 1212 Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214) was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian princes of Castile, Aragón, Kingdom of Navarre and Portugal, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The battle destroyed Almohad dominance. Nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of Córdoba and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively. The Almohads continued to rule in Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled their most effective enemies, the Marinids in 121. The last representative of the line, Idris II, "El Wathiq"' was reduced to the possession of Marrakech, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269.

Origins
After his return to Morocco at the age of twenty-eight, Ibn Tumart began preaching and heading attacks on wine-shops and on other manifestations of laxity. He even went so far as to assault the sister of the Almoravid (Murabit) amir `Ali III, in the streets of Fez, because she was going about unveiled after the manner of Berber women. Ali III allowed him to escape unpunished.
Ibn Tumart, who had been driven from several other towns for exhibitions of reforming zeal, now took refuge among his own people, the Masmuda, in the Atlas. It is highly probable that his influence would not have outlived him, if he had not found a lieutenant in Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi, another Berber, from Algeria, who was undoubtedly a soldier and statesman of a high order. When Ibn Tumart died in 1128 at the monastery or ribat which he had founded in the Atlas at Tinmel, after suffering a severe defeat by the Almoravids, Abd al-Mu'min kept his death secret for two years, till his own influence was established. He then came forward as the lieutenant of the Mahdi Ibn Tumart. Between 1130 and his death in 1163, 'Abd-el-Mumin not only rooted out the Murabits, but extended his power over all northern Africa as far as Egypt, becoming amir of Marrakech in 1149. Al-Andalus followed the fate of Africa, and in 1170 the Almohads transferred their capital to Seville, a step followed by the founding of the great mosque, now superseded by the cathedral, the tower of which, the Giralda, they erected in 1184 to mark the accession of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur. From the time of Yusuf II, however, they governed their co-religionists in Iberia and Central North Africa through lieutenants, their dominions outside Morocco being treated as provinces. When their amirs crossed the Straits it was to lead a jihad against the Christians and to return to their capital, Marrakech.
The Almohad princes had a longer and a more distinguished career than the Murabits (or Almoravids). Yusuf II or Abu Yaqub Yusuf (1163–1184), and Ya'qub I or Yaqub al-Mansur (1184-1199), the successors of Abd al-Mumin, were both able men. Initially their government drove many Jewish and Christian subjects to take refuge in the growing Christian states of Portugal, Castile and Aragon. But in the end they became less fanatical than the Almoravids, and Ya'qub al Mansur was a highly accomplished man, who wrote a good Arabic style and who protected the philosopher Averroes. His title of al-Mansur, "The Victorious," was earned by the defeat he inflicted on Alfonso VIII of Castile in the Battle of Alarcos (1195).

The Dynasty
However, the Christian states in Iberia were becoming too well organized to be overrun by the Muslims, and the Almohads made no permanent advance against them.
In 1212 Muhammad III, "al-Nasir" (1199–1214), the successor of al-Mansur, after an initially successful advance north, was defeated by an alliance of the four Christian princes of Castile, Aragón, Kingdom of Navarre and Portugal, at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in the Sierra Morena. The battle destroyed Almohad dominance. Nearly all of the Moorish dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of Córdoba and Seville falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248 respectively.
All that remained, thereafter, was the Moorish state of Granada, which after an internal Muslim revolt, survived as a tributary state of the Christian kingdoms on Iberia's southern periphery. The Nasrid dynasty or Banu Nazari (Arabic: بنو نصر) rose to power there after the defeat of the Almohads dynasty in 1212. Twenty different Muslim kings ruled Granada from the founding of the dynasty in 1232 by Muhammed I ibn Nasr until January 2, 1492, when Sultan Boabdil surrendered to the Christian Spanish kingdom. Today, the most visible evidence of the Nasrids is the Alhambra palace complex built under their rule.
In their African holdings, the Almohads encouraged the establishment of Christians even in Fez, and after the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa they occasionally entered into alliances with the kings of Castile. They were successful in expelling the garrisons placed in some of the coast towns by the Norman kings of Sicily. The history of their decline differs from that of the Almoravids, whom they had displaced. They were not assailed by a great religious movement, but lost territories, piecemeal, by the revolt of tribes and districts. Their most effective enemies were the Beni Marin (Marinids) who founded the next Moroccan dynasty. The last representative of the line, Idris II, "El Wathiq"' was reduced to the possession of Marrakesh, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269.

Bibliography

History of Morocco
History of Algeria
History of Islam
History of Spain
History of Portugal
Nasrid dynasty
Reconquista

2007-12-02T07:58:00.001-08:00

Jura is a department in the east of France named after the Jura mountains (not to be confused with the Swiss canton of Jura).

History
Jura is one of four departments of the Franche-Comté region and is surrounded by the French departments of Doubs, Haute-Saône, Côte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, and Ain, as well as the Swiss canton of Vaud on the east.
The Jura mountains are wooded and rolling, not craggy and rocky like the Alps.
Many lakes can be found throughout the Jura - the largest natural lake being Lac De Chalain, measuring 3km long and 1km wide. Lac de Vouglans was formed after the building of a hydro-electric dam. It is one of the largest man-made lakes in France.

Geography
The climate of the Jura varies greatly by elevation. The lower valleys are temperate and pleasant, but the high mountain valleys have bitterly cold winters.

Tourism

Cantons of the Jura department
Communes of the Jura department
Arrondissements of the Jura department
French language
Franco-Provençal language

2007-12-01T08:46:00.000-08:00

The Elder Statesman is a play in verse by T. S. Eliot first performed in 1958 and published in 1959.

Overview
T. S. Eliot once quipped: "A play should give you something to think about. When I see a play and understand it the first time, then I know it can't be much good."
It was a self-adopted method for Eliot to start from the known and the familiar and work his way into the unfamiliar and the unknown. Eliot realized that the modern man, in the daily hustle-bustle of his existence, is unknowingly gasping for breath, looking for an escape from the quagmire of daily life, which is devoid of all meaning. Eliot's drawing room drama The Elder Statesman, is the last of his drawing room plays in which he attempts to give a final expression to his vision of life. In many ways, therefore, The Elder Statesman marks the culmination of Eliot's philosophy of life. Murder in the Cathedral deals with the theme of spirituality. The Cocktail Party deals with the theme of misplaced priorities and skewed spiritual visions. The Family Reunion shows us the process by which a man, pre-disposed to sainthood, is made aware of his destiny. In the last drawing room drama, Eliot shows us how no man is rich enough to buy his past, how no one can escape the memories of things gone by. One cannot flee from a guilt-ridden past and can only gain salvation from the same through admittance, contrition and expiation.
The Elder Statesman, as a play, is not particularly poetic or dramatic. But it's written in powerful verse, which is apt for Eliot's theme and expression. What Eliot wishes to tell us is something profoundly true and important: that we cannot flee the past or 'retire‛ from responsibility. At best, we can off-load it by contrition. And that to find 'the truth that shall set you free‛ you must strip yourself of all pretense, all 'acting‛ and become again, a little child. Eliot also shows us that to enter into reality is only possible through others; so that totally shared love is the supreme road to reality, and that as such, love is capable of being self-sufficient, provided it is love which is founded on true confession, resignation and trust.

2007-11-30T09:32:00.001-08:00

Unitec New Zealand
Unitec New Zealand (Māori: Te Whare Wānanga o Wairaka) is a major polytechnic tertiary education institute situated in Auckland, New Zealand. The main campus is situated in Mt Albert, while a secondary campus is situated in Henderson. Unitec offers degree programs in arts, business and technical subjects at the bachelors, masters, and doctoral level. Unitec is a member of the International Association of Universities.

History

Education

Applied Technology and Trades
Architecture and Landscape
Business Studies
Communication Studies
Computing and Information Technology
Construction and Engineering
Design and Visual Arts
Education
Health and Community Studies
Language Studies
Management and Entrepreneurship
Māori Education
Natural Sciences
Performing and Screen Arts
Sport
Travel and Tourism
Foundation Studies

2007-11-29T09:02:00.001-08:00

Escambia County is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of Florida. The 2000 population was 294,210. The U.S. Census Bureau 2005 estimate for the county is 296,772.

History
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,268 km² (876 mi²). 1,715 km² (662 mi²) of it is land and 552 km² (213 mi²) of it (24.35%) is water.
The county includes the island of Santa Rosa, which is separate from Santa Rosa County proper. the islands have been returned to Santa Rosa County
Escambia is the westernmost county in Florida (see map). The county in Alabama directly to the north is also called Escambia County. Note, the fact that Escambia County, Florida, borders Escambia County, Alabama, makes the two Escambia Counties among the few counties in the United States with the same name, but from different states, to border each other.
Escambia County is part of the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography

Escambia County, Alabama - north
Santa Rosa County, Florida - east
Baldwin County, Alabama - west Adjacent Counties
As of the census² of 2000, there were 294,410 people, 111,049 households, and 74,180 families residing in the county. The population density was 172/km² (444/mi²). There were 124,647 housing units at an average density of 73/km² (188/mi²). The racial makeup of the county was 72.35% White, 21.40% Black or African American, 0.90% Native American, 2.21% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 0.85% from other races, and 2.16% from two or more races. 2.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 111,049 households out of which 29.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.80% were married couples living together, 15.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.20% were non-families. 26.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the county the population was spread out with 23.50% under the age of 18, 12.20% from 18 to 24, 29.00% from 25 to 44, 22.00% from 45 to 64, and 13.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 98.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $35,234, and the median income for a family was $41,708. Males had a median income of $31,054 versus $22,023 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,641. About 12.10% of families and 15.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.70% of those under age 18 and 9.60% of those age 65 or over.

Demographics

Main article: Escambia County School District Education

Local media
The largest daily newspaper in the area is the Pensacola News Journal. There is also a weekly newspaper called The Independent News[1].

Print
Several major networks are broadcast from nearby Mobile, such as CBS affiliate WKRG, NBC affiliate WPMI, and FOX affiliate WALA. The following is a list of Broadcast television stations in the Mobile, Alabama / Pensacola - Fort Walton Beach, Florida market (Nielsen DMA#59)
By frequency: 3 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 21 | 23 | 30 | 33 | 35 | 39 | 42 | 44 | 48 | 53 | 55 | 58 | 60
By callsign: W30BX | W39BP | WALA | WAWD | WBPG | WBQP | WEAR | WEIQ | WFBD | WFGX | WHBR | WJTC | WKRG | WMPV | WPAN | WPMI | WRBD | WSRE

Television
Radio stations in the Pensacola / Mobile market (Arbitron#123)
By frequency: (FM) 88.1 | 89.5 | 90.5 | 91.3 | 91.7 | 92.9 | 94.1 | 94.9 | 95.7 | 96.1 | 96.5 | 97.5 | 98.1 | 98.7 | 99.9 | 100.7 | 101.5 | 102.7 | 104.1 | 106.1 | 107.3
(AM) 550 | 610 | 790 | 980 | 1090 | 1230 | 1330 | 1370 | 1450 | 1620
By callsign: WABB | WASG | WBLX | WBSR | WCOA | WEBY | WEGS | WGCX | WHIL | WJLQ | WKSJ | WMEZ | WMXC | WNRP | WNVY | WPCS | WPNN | WRKH | WRNE | WRRX | WTGF | WTKE | WTKX | WUWF | WVTJ | WXBM | WYCL | WYCT | WYOK | WZNO | WZNS

Radio

Cities and towns

Century
Pensacola Unincorporated
Like the rest of the Deep South, Escambia County was traditionally a Democratic stronghold when it came to local, state and congressional races. The county backed Alabama Governor George Wallace in the 1968 presidential election and, since then, has trended strongly Republican, much like the areas that surround it.

Government links/Constitutional offices

Escambia County School District
Northwest Florida Water Management District

2007-11-28T10:34:00.001-08:00

Ilocos Sur is a province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Its capital is Vigan City and borders Ilocos Norte and Abra to the north, Mountain Province to the east, and La Union and Benguet to the south. To the west of Ilocos Sur is the South China Sea.

Geography
Ilocos Sur is subdivided into 32 municipalities and 2 cities.

Political

Vigan City
Candon City Cities

Alilem
Banayoyo
Bantay
Burgos
Cabugao
Caoayan
Cervantes
Galimuyod
Gregorio del Pilar (Concepcion)
Lidlidda
Magsingal
Nagbukel
Narvacan
Quirino (Angkaki)
Salcedo (Baugen)
San Emilio
San Esteban
San Ildefonso
San Juan (Lapog)
San Vicente
Santa
Santa Catalina
Santa Cruz
Santa Lucia
Santa Maria
Santiago
Santo Domingo
Sigay
Sinait
Sugpon
Suyo
Tagudin Municipalities
Ilocos Sur is located along the western coast of Northern Luzon. It is bounded by Ilocos Norte on the north, Abra on the northeast, Mountain Province on the east, Benguet on the southeast, La Union on the south, and the China Sea on the west. Its area of 2,579.58 square kilometers occupies about 20.11% of the total land area of Region 1.
The topography of Ilocos Sur is undulating to rolling with elevations ranging from 10 to 1,700 meters above sea level.

2007-11-27T07:54:00.001-08:00

Terry Stephen Puhl (born July 8, 1956 in Melville, Saskatchewan, Canada) is a former professional baseball player.

Post-MLB career

Players from Canada in MLB

2007-11-26T07:35:00.000-08:00

The Doctor of Pastoral Theology (Abbreviated P.Th.D. for the Latin Pastoralis Theologiæ Doctor, PThD) is a theological professional degree geared to provide higher academic training to those who have already entered the pastoral ministry and who seek to continue their work while pursuing further theological study.
The Doctor of Pastoral Theology (P.Th.D.) is comparable to the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or the Doctor in Theology (Th. D.) in terms of its academic load and level of study, with a grade of research represented by its required doctoral dissertation project of up to two hundred pages. Said pre-approved dissertation is usually expected to relate and compliment the doctorate candidate's ongoing field of work.
Like the Doctor of Sacred Theology (S.T.D. = Sacrae Theologiae Doctor) issued by the pontifical university system of the Roman Catholic Church, which builds upon the work of the Bachelor of Sacred Theology (S.T.B.) and the Licentiate of Sacred Theology (S.T.L.), the P.Th.D. also necessitates the completion of both a Bachelor's degree and a Master of Arts degree in a field of ministry training. The P.Th.D., however, is meant to further enhance the teaching, preaching, and leadership effectiveness of the current pastor/overseer of a congregational ministry, while the S.T.D. graduate is usually expected to seek the professorate in a Catholic university--see Sapientia Cristiana on Ecclesiastical Universities, Part One, Section VII, Article 50. n.1 at [1].
Associate's degree (U.S.) · Foundation degree (U.K.) · Bachelor's degree · Master's degree
Licentiate · Specialist degree · Engineer's degree · Professional degree · Doctoral degree

2007-11-25T09:59:00.001-08:00

Mint Records is a Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada-based independent record label founded in January 1991.
In October 2006, in conjunction with Exclaim! magazine and CBC Radio 3, Mint Records mounted a cross-Canada tour called the "Exclaim! Mint Road Show!" with headliners The New Pornographers along with Immaculate Machine and Novillero (except the final show in Vancouver, which featured Young and Sexy and Bella.) [1]

Past artists

Mint Records Presents the CBC Radio 3 Sessions
List of record labels

2007-11-24T07:23:00.001-08:00

Vince Welnick (February 21, 1951 – June 2, 2006) was an American keyboardist, best known for playing for the Grateful Dead from 1990 until their end in 1995.

Death
On June 9, 2006 Ratdog played "Way To Go Home" for the first time as a tribute to Welnick at the Sonoma County fairgrounds.
Former Grateful Dead keyboardist Tom Constanten took up the keys for the "Vince Welnick and Friends Tour" that was scheduled before his death. They played many Vince Welnick staples including "Samba in the Rain". A very touching "He Was a Friend of Mine" was also played in honor of Welnick. On the second night of the tour they stopped in St. Louis and the opener The Schwag, who Welnick had played with before, did "Turn on Your Love Light" and dedicated it to Welnick with some improvised lyrics about Welnick and his life.

2007-11-23T08:04:00.001-08:00

The Highlands and Islands of Scotland are broadly the Scottish Highlands plus Orkney, Shetland and the Hebrides.
The Highlands and Islands are sometimes defined as the area to which the Crofters' Act of 1886 applied. This area consisted of the areas of seven of the counties of Scotland:
Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) uses a broader definition also used at Eurostat's NUTS level 2, and there has been a Highlands and Islands electoral region of the Scottish Parliament since 1999.
In Highlands and Islands Fire and Rescue Service the name refers to the local government areas (council areas) of Highland, Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles. Northern, as in Northern Constabulary, is also used to refer to this area.
The Highlands and Islands Partnership for Transport, established in 2006, covers most of the council areas of Argyll and Bute, Highland, Moray, Orkney and the Western Isles, Shetland is covered by the separate Shetland Partnership for Transport.
In the 2007 Scottish Parliament elections, the Highlands and Islands Scottish Parliament region was the last to declare its regional votes, which were the decisive results in the dealing as to which party would have the largest representation in the Scottish Parliament.

Argyll
Inverness-shire
Ross and Cromarty
Sutherland
Caithness
Orkney
Shetland

2007-11-22T07:43:00.001-08:00

History Byzantine Empire Crusades Ecumenical council Baptism of Kiev Great Schism By region Eastern Orthodox history Ukraine Christian history Asia Eastern Christian history Traditions Oriental Orthodoxy Coptic Orthodox Church Armenian Apostolic Church Syriac Christianity Assyrian Church of the East Eastern Orthodox Church Eastern Catholic Churches Liturgy and Worship Sign of the cross Divine Liturgy Iconography Asceticism Omophorion Theology Hesychasm - Icon Apophaticism - Filioque clause Miaphysitism - Monophysitism Nestorianism - Theosis - Theoria Phronema - Philokalia Praxis - Theotokos Hypostasis - Ousia Essence-Energies distinction Salminius Hermias Sozomen (c. 400-c. 450) was a historian of the Christian church. Variations on his name include Sozomen, Salamanes or Salaminius Hermias Sozomenus.
He was born around or before 400 in Bethelia, a small town near Gaza.

Family and Home
Sozomen wrote that his grandfather lived at Bethel, near Gaza, and became a Christian together with his household, probably under Constantius II. A neighbor named Alaphrion was miraculously healed by Saint Hilarion who cast out a demon from Alaphrion, and, as eyewitnesses to the miracle, his family converted, along with Alaphrion's. The conversion marked a turning-point in the Christianization of southern Palestine, according to his account.
The grandfather became within his own circle a highly esteemed interpreter of Scripture. The descendants of the wealthy Alaphrion founded churches and convents in the district, and were particularly active in promoting monasticism. Sozomen himself had conversed with one of these, a very old man. He tells us that he was brought up under monkish influences and his history bears him out.

Grandfather
Sozomen seems to have been brought up in the circle of Alaphrion and acknowledges a debt of gratitude to the monastic order. His early education was directed by the monks in his native place. It is impossible to ascertain what curriculum he followed in these monastic schools, but his writings give clear evidence of the thoroughness with which he was grounded in Greek studies.
As a man he retained the impressions of his youth, and his great work later was to be also a monument of his reverence for the monks in general and for the disciples of Hilarion in particular.

Lawyer
Sozomen wrote two works on church history.
His first work covered the history of the Church, from the Ascension of Jesus to the defeat of Licinius in 323, in twelve books. His sources for it included Eusebius of Caesarea, the Clementine homilies, Hegesippus, and Sextus Julius Africanus.
Although he mentions this first work in his later work, it is no longer extant.

First work
Sozomen's second and longer work was a continuation of the first. He planned to continue the history of Eusebius, covering the period between 323 and 439. The period actually covered in his work ends at 425.
He wrote it in Constantinople, somewhere around the years 440 to 443. He dedicated this work to Emperor Theodosius the Younger.

Historia Ecclesiastica
The nine books of which it is composed begin with Constantine and come down to the death of Honorius (423).
The books are arranged according to the reign of the Roman Emperors:
The existing ninth book is incomplete. In his dedication of the work, he states that he intended cover up the seventeenth consulate of Theodosius, that is, to 439. The extant history ends about 425, so about half a book appears to be missing.
Scholars disagree on why the end is missing. Albert Guldenpenning supposed that Sozomen himself suppressed the end of his work because in it he mentioned the Empress Aelia Eudocia, who later fell into disgrace through her supposed adultery. However, it appears that Nicephorus, Theophanes, and Theodorus Lector did read the end of Sozomen's work, according to their own histories later. Therefore most scholars believe that the work did actually come down to that year, and that consequently it has reached us only in a damaged condition.

I and II: the reign of Constantine (323-37)
III and IV: the reigns of his sons (337-61)
V and VI: the reigns of Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens (361-75)
VII and VIII the reigns of Gratian, Valentinian II, Theodosius I, and Arcadius (375-408).
IX: the reign of Theodosius the Younger (408-39). Sources
The source for about three-fourths of his material was the writings of Socrates Scholasticus. The literary relationship of these writers appears everywhere. Valesius asserted that Sozomen read Socrates, and Hussey and Guldenpenning have proved this. For example, Socrates, in I.x, relates an anecdote which he had heard, and says that neither Eusebius nor any other author reports it, yet this anecdote is found in Sozomen, I.xxii, the similarity of diction showing that the text of Socrates was the source.
The extent of this dependence cannot be accurately determined. Sozomen used the work of Socrates as a guide to sources and order. In some matters, such as in regard to the Novatians, Sozomen is entirely dependent on Socrates.

Socrates Scholasticus
But Sozomen did not simply copy Socrates. He went back to the principal sources used by Socrates and other sources, often including more from them than Socrates did.
He used the writings of Eusebius, the first major Church historian. The Vita Constantini of Eusebius is expressly cited in the description of the vision of Constantine.
Sozomen appears also to have consulted the Historia Athanasii and also the works of Athanasius including the Vita Antonii. He completes the statements of Socrates from the Apologia contra Arianos, lix, sqq., and copies Athanasius' Adv. episcopos AEgypti, xviii-xix.
Rufinus is frequently used. Instructive in this respect is a comparison of Sozomen, Socrates, and Rufinus on the childhood of Athanasius. Rufinus is the original; Socrates expressly states that he follows Rufinus, while Sozomen knows Socrates' version, but is not satisfied with it and follows Rufinus more closely.
The ecclesiastical records used by Sozomen are principally taken from Sabinus, to whom he continually refers. In this way he uses records of the synods from that of Tyre (335) to that of Antioch in Caria (367).
For the period from Theodosius I, Sozomen stopped following the work of Socrates and followed Olympiodorus of Thebes, who was probably Sozomen's only secular source. A comparison with Zosimus, who also made use of Olympiodorus, seems to show that the whole ninth book of Sozomen, is mostly an abridged extract from Olympiodorus.
Sozomen used many other authorities. These include sources relating to Christianity in Persia, monkish histories, the Vita Martini of Sulpicius, the works of Hilarius, logoi of Eustathius of Antioch, the letter of Cyril of Jerusalem to Constantius concerning the miraculous vision of the cross, and Palladius.
He also used oral tradition, adding some of the most unique value to his work.

Critique
The work of Sozomen was first printed (editio princeps) by Robert Estienne at Paris in 1544, on the basis of Codex Regius, 1444. There are later editions by Christophorson and Ictrus (Cologne, 1612).
A noteworthy edition was done by Valesius (Cambridge, 1720), who used, besides the text of Stephens, a Codex Fucetianus (now at Paris, 1445), "Readings" of Savilius, and the indirect traditions of Theodorus Lector and of Cassiodorus-Epiphanius.
Hussey's posthumous edition (largely prepared for the press by John Barrow, who wrote the preface) is important, since in it the archetype of the Codex Regius, the Codex Baroccianus 142, is collated for the first time. But this manuscript was written by various hands and at various times and therefore is not equally authoritative in all its parts.
There is an excellent English translation by Chester David Hartranft, with a learned though somewhat diffuse introduction, in the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, II (published New York, 1890). (This text is available on-line at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library.)
Online text of the Ecclesiastical History [1]

2007-11-21T07:05:00.001-08:00

Walter Yeeling Evans-Wentz (February 2, 1878 – July 17, 1965) was an anthropologist and writer who was a pioneer in the study of Tibetan Buddhism. He was born in Trenton, New Jersey, and as a teenager read Madame Blavatsky's Isis Unveiled and The Secret Doctrine and became interested in the teachings of Theosophy. He received both his B.A. and M.A. from Stanford University, where he studied with William James and William Butler Yeats. He then studied Celtic mythology and folklore at Jesus College, Oxford (1907); there he adopted the form Evans-Wentz for his name. He travelled extensively, spending time in Mexico, Europe, and the Far East. He spent the years of the First World War in Egypt. He later travelled to Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) and India, reaching Darjeeling in 1919; there he enountered Tibetan religious texts firsthand.
Evans-Wentz is best known for his series of four books of spiritual works translated from the Tibetan. Evans-Wentz credited himself only as the compiler and editor of these volumes. The actual translation of the texts was performed by Tibetan Buddhists, primarily Lama Kazi Dawa-Samdup (1868–1922), a teacher of English at the Maharaja's Boy's School in Gangtok, Sikkim who had also done translations for Alexandra David-Neel and Sir John Woodroffe.
The Department of Religious Studies at Stanford University has hosted The Evans-Wentz Lectureship in Asian Philosophy, Religion, and Ethics since 1969, funded by a bequest from Evans-Wentz.
Evans-Wentz died in 1965.

Partial bibliography

The fairy-faith in Celtic countries, London, New York, H. Frowde, 1911.
The Tibetan book of the dead; or, The after-death experiences on the Bardo plane, according to Lāma Kazi Dawa-Samdup's English rendering, with foreword by Sir John Woodroffe, London, Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1927.
Tibetan yoga and secret doctrines; or, Seven books of wisdom of the great path, according to the late Lāma Kazi Dawa-Samdup's English rendering; arranged and edited with introductions and annotations to serve as a commentary, London, Oxford University Press, H. Milford, 1935.
Tibet's great yogī, Milarepa : a biography from the Tibetan ; being the Jetsün-Kahbum or biographical history of Jetsün-Milarepa according to the late Lāma Kazi Dawa-Samdup's English rendering (2d ed.), edited with introd. and annotations by W. Y. Evans-Wentz, London, New York : Oxford University Press, 1951.
The Tibetan book of the great liberation; or, The method of realizing nirvana through knowing the mind, preceded by an epitome of Padma-Sambhava's biography and followed by Guru Phadampa Sangay's teachings. According to English renderings by Sardar Bahädur S. W. Laden La and by the Lāmas Karma Sumdhon Paul, Lobzang Mingyur Dorje, and Kazi Dawa-Samdup. Introductions, annotations, and editing by W. Y. Evans-Wentz. With psychological commentary by C. G. Jung. London, New York, Oxford University Press, 1954.

2007-11-20T09:25:00.001-08:00

Edward Uhler Condon (March 2, 1902 – March 26, 1974) was a distinguished American nuclear physicist, a pioneer in quantum mechanics, a participant in the development of radar and nuclear weapons in World War II, research director of Corning Glass, director of the National Bureau of Standards, and president of the American Physical Society (as well as, late in his life, professor of physics at the University of Colorado, where he directed a controversial Air Force-funded scientific study of UFOs).
He was born in Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States, and earned a Ph.D. from University of California, Berkeley in 1926.
In 1943, Condon joined the Manhattan Project; however, within six weeks, he resigned as a result of conflicts with General Leslie R. Groves, the project's military leader.
Condon was one of the physicists whose loyalty to the United States was challenged by members of Congress — including Congressman Richard M. Nixon, who called for the revocation of his security clearance — in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The superpatriotic chairman of the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), Rep. J. Parnell Thomas, would call the physicist "Dr. Condon," the "weakest link" in American security, and even the "missing link."
In 1948, U.S. President Harry Truman — at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and with Condon sitting beside him — denounced Rep. Thomas and HCUA on the grounds that vital scientific research "may be made impossible by the creation of an atmosphere in which no man feels safe against the public airing of unfounded rumors, gossip and vilification." He called HUAC's activities "the most un-American thing we have to contend with today. It is the climate of a totalitarian country."
Carl Sagan, once a student of Condon, documented Condon's own account of being brought up before a loyalty review board: "Dr. Condon, it says here that you have been at the forefront of a revolutionary movement in physics called" — and here the inquisitor read the words slowly and carefully — "quantum mechanics. It strikes this hearing that if you could be at the forefront of one revolutionary movement...you could be at the forefront of another."
Condon replied that the accusation was unfounded, since he most emphatically was not a "revolutionary". He raised his right hand and solemnly declared, "I believe in Archimedes' Principle, formulated in the third century B.C. I believe in Kepler's laws of planetary motion, discovered in the seventeenth century. I believe in Newton's laws...." He continued in this vein, listing a long sequence of scientists whose work, done centuries before, was still valid and respected: The Bernoulli family, Fourier, Ampère, Boltzmann, and Maxwell. HUAC did not appreciate his sense of humor; however, fortunately for Condon, the most severe charge they could confirm was that in high school he had a paper route delivering a socialist newspaper.
From 1966 to 1968, Condon directed the University of Colorado UFO Project. Though plagued with infighting and controversy, the project's conclusion--that all unidentified flying objects had prosaic explanations--have been cited as a key factor in the generally low levels of interest in UFOs among most mainstream scientists and academics. See Condon Report. In his negative critique of the Condon Report, astronomer J. Allen Hynek hoped that Condon's reputation would not be soured by the Condon Report, writing, "It is unfortunate that, almost certainly, popular history will henceforth link Dr. Condon's name with UFOs, and only the arcane history of physics will accord him his true place and record his brilliant career in contributing to the understanding ... of the nature of the physical world. These contributions UFOs cannot take away from him, even though his work with this problem is analogous to that of a Mozart producing an uninspired pot-boiler, unworthy of his talents." (Clark, 605)
Following his death, Condon crater on the Moon was named after him.

2007-11-19T09:45:00.001-08:00

Jon Douglas Lord (born Leicester 9 June 1941) is an English composer, Hammond organ and piano player.
He is recognised for his Hammond organ blues-rock sound and for his pioneering work in fusing rock and classical or baroque forms. He has most famously been a member of Deep Purple, as well as of Whitesnake, Paice, Ashton & Lord, The Artwoods and Flower Pot Men.
In 1968, Lord co-founded Deep Purple. He and drummer Ian Paice were the only constant band members during the band's existence from 1968 to 1976 and from when they reformed in 1984 until Lord's retirement in 2002.
One of his most ambitious works was his composition Concerto for Group and Orchestra, which was performed at the Royal Albert Hall in 1969 with Deep Purple (Lord and Paice with guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, singer Ian Gillan and bass guitarist Roger Glover) and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. The concerto was revived for its 30th anniversary in 1999 with another performance at the Albert Hall, again performed by Deep Purple (Lord, Paice, Gillan, Glover and Steve Morse in place of Ritchie Blackmore) with the London Philharmonic Orchestra.
In 2002 he retired from Deep Purple for good, to concentrate on composing and on lower-key blues/rock performances.
He is married to Vickie, the twin sister of Ian Paice's wife, Jackie. They both live in the United Kingdom.

Before Deep Purple 1941-1968
It is in this period that Lord's classic keyboard sound emerged. He began experimenting with a keyboard sound centred on the Hammond organ (in spite of the emergence of the Moog synthesizer in rock through the experimentation of keyboard players like Keith Emerson), but heavier than a blues sound and delivered a rhymthic foundation to complement Blackmore's speed and virtuosity as a highly technically gifted lead guitarist. Lord also loved the sound of an RMI 368 Electra-Piano and Harpsichord, which was used to great effect of songs like "Demon's Eye", and "Space Truckin'". Somewhere around 1973, Lord and a technician combined his Hammond C3 Organ with the RMI.
With a technician, he began to experiment by pushing the Hammond-Leslie sound through Marshall amplification and what resulted was the backbone of the Deep Purple sound: a growling, heavy, mechanical sound that gave Purple a unique rhythmic counterpoint to Blackmore's lead playing, but that allowed Lord to compete with Blackmore with an organ that sounded as heavy as a lead guitar. From early recordings like Hush (1968) to the eventual seminal Deep Purple in Rock album (1970) it is clear that Lord's sound was as critical to the Deep Purple sound as Blackmore's. In fact, Lord's willingness to play many of the key rhythm parts to underpin Blackmore gave the guitarist the freedom to let loose both live and on record.
On Deep Purple's second and third albums, Lord began indulging his ambition to fuse rock with classical music. This enhanced his reputation among fellow musicians, but caused tension within the group. Blackmore was keen to explore riff-based heavy rock, inspired by the success of Led Zeppelin, while Simper later said: "The reason the music lacked direction was Jon Lord ****ed everything up with his classical ideas."
Blackmore agreed to go along with Lord's experimentation, provided he was given his head on the next band album. The resulting Concerto For Group and Orchestra (in 1969) was one of rock's earliest attempts to fuse two distinct musical idioms. Performed live at the Royal Albert Hall on 24 September 1969 (with new band members Ian Gillan and Roger Glover, Evans and Simper having been fired), recorded by the BBC and later released as an album, the Concerto gave Deep Purple their first highly-publicised taste of mainstream fame and gave Lord the confidence to believe that his experiment and his compositional skill had a future. The Concerto also gave Lord the chance to work with established classical figures, like Malcolm Arnold (knighted in 1993), who conducted the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in the performance and who also brought his technical skills to bear by helping Lord score the work and to protect him from the inevitable disdain of the older members of the orchestra.
Classical dalliance over, Purple began work on Deep Purple in Rock, released by EMI in 1970 and now one of heavy rock's key early works. Lord's style is a critical counterpart to Blackmore's playing on the record and it was clear that the tension between the two, competing to out-dazzle each other, often in classical-style, mid-section 'call and answer' improvisation (on tracks like Speed King), something they employed to great effect live, was the start of a trademark sound and the basis of powerful live performances. Similarly, Child in Time features Lord's playing to maximum tonal effect. Lord's experimental solo on "Hard Lovin' Man" (complete with police-siren interpolation) on the album is his personal favourite among his Deep Purple studio performances.
Template set, Deep Purple released a sequence of albums between 1971's Fireball and 1975's Come Taste the Band, by which time Gillan, Glover and finally Blackmore had left. The band disintegrated in 1976. The highlights of Lord's Purple work in the period include his rhythmic underpinning of Smoke on the Water, Highway Star and Space Truckin' from Machine Head (1972), his playing on the Burn album from 1974 and the sonic bombast of the Made in Japan live album from 1972.
Roger Glover later described Lord as a true 'Zen-archer soloist', someone whose best keyboard improvisation often came at the first attempt. Lord's strict reliance on the Hammond C3 organ sound, as opposed to the synthesizer experimentation of his contemporaries, places him firmly in the jazz-blues category as a band musician and far from the progressive-rock sound of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman. Lord himself would rarely venture into the synthesizer territory on Purple albums, often limiting his experimentation to the use of the ring modulator with the Hammond, to give live performances on tracks like Space Truckin' a distinctive 'spacey' sound. Rare instances of his Deep Purple synthesizer use (later including the MiniMoog and other Moog synthesizers) include ``A´´ 200, the final track from Burn.
Lord's 1970s career bears comparison with Emerson and Wakeman, the decade's other significant pioneers of rock keyboards. He was much less of a showman, partly because he couldn't compete with Blackmore's stage persona but mostly because he did not wish to. He was able to meld the Hammond soul to a heavy rock sound, demonstrating note control and speed to match Blackmore's technical fireworks on stage. In fact, Lord's working experience of scoring for and performing with leading orchestras far exceeded that of his rock contemporaries by the late 1970s.

Deep Purple 1968-1976
Lord continued to focus on his classical aspirations alongside his Deep Purple career. The BBC, buoyed by the success of the Concerto, commissioned him to do another work and the resulting Gemini Suite was performed by Deep Purple and the Light Music Society under Malcolm Arnold at the Royal Festival Hall in September 1970 and then in Munich with the Kammarorchestra conducted by Eberhard Schoener in January 1972. It then became the basis for Lord's first solo album, Gemini Suite, released in November 1972, with vocals by Yvonne Elliman and Tony Ashton and with the London Symphony Orchestra backing a band that included Albert Lee on guitar.
Lord's collaboration with the highly experimental and supportive Schoener resulted in a second live performance of the Suite in late 1973 and a new Lord album with Eberhard Schoener, entitled Windows, in 1974. It proved to be Lord's most experimental work and was released to mixed reactions. However, the dalliances with Bach on Windows and the pleasure of collaborating with Schoener resulted in perhaps Lord's most confident solo work and perhaps his strongest orchestral album, Sarabande, recorded in Germany in September 1975 with the Philharmonia Hungarica conducted by Schoener.
Composed of eight pieces (from the opening sweep of Fantasia to the Finale), at least five pieces form the typical construction of a baroque dance suite. The key pieces (Sarabande, Gigue, Bouree, Pavane and Caprice) feature rich orchestration complemented sometimes by the interpolation of rock themes, played by a session band comprising Pete York, Mark Nauseef and Andy Summers, with organ and synthesizers played by Lord.
In March 1974, Lord and Paice had collaborated with friend Tony Ashton on First of the Big Bands, credited to 'Ashton & Lord' and featuring a rich array of session talent, including Carmine Appice, Ian Paice, Peter Frampton and Pink Floyd saxophonist/sessioner, Dick Parry. They performed much of the set live at the London Palladium in September 1974.
This formed the basis of Lord's first post-Deep Purple project Paice, Ashton & Lord, which lasted only a year and spawned a single album, Malice in Wonderland in 1977. He created an informal group of friends and collaborators including Ashton, Paice, Bernie Marsden, Boz Burrell and later, Bad Company's Mick Ralphs, Simon Kirke and others. Over the same period, Lord guested on albums by Maggie Bell, Nazareth and even Richard Digance. Eager to pay off a huge tax bill upon his return the UK in the late-1970s (Purple's excesses included their own tour jet and a home Lord rented in Hollywood from actress Ann-Margret), Lord joined former Deep Purple band member David Coverdale's new band, Whitesnake in August 1978 (Paice joined them in 1980 and stayed till 1982).

Lord as Composer
Lord's job in Whitesnake was largely limited to adding colour (or, in his own words, a 'halo') to round out a blues-rock sound that already accommodated two lead guitarists, Bernie Marsden and Micky Moody. He added a Yamaha Electric Grand piano to his set-up and finally a huge bank of synthesizers onstage courtesy of Moog (MiniMoog, Opus, PolyMoog) so he could play the 12-bar blues the band often required and recreate string section and other effects. Such varied work is evident on tracks like Here I Go Again, Wine, Women and Song, She's a Woman and Till the Day I Die. A number of singles entered the UK charts, taking the now 40-something Lord onto Top of the Pops with regularity between 1980 and 1983. He later expressed frustration that he was a poorly paid hired hand . His dissatisfaction (and Coverdale's keenness to revamp the band's line-up and lower the average age to help crack the US market) smoothed the way for the reformation of Deep Purple Mk II in 1984.
During his tenure in Whitesnake, Lord did have a chance to do two distinctly different solo albums. 1982s Before I Forget featured a largely conventional eight-song line-up, no orchestra and with the bulk of the songs being either mainstream rock tracks (Hollywood Rock And Roll, Chance on a Feeling), or - specifically on Side Two - a series of very English classical piano ballads sung by mother and daughter duo, Vicki Brown and Sam Brown (wife and daughter of entertainer Joe Brown) and vocalist Elmer Gantry. The album also boasted the cream of British rock talent, including prolific session drummer (and National Youth Jazz Orchestra alumnus) Simon Phillips, Cozy Powell, Neil Murray, Simon Kirke, Boz Burrell and Mick Ralphs. Lord used synthesizers more than ever before, principally to retain an intimacy with the material and to create a jam atmosphere with old friends like Tony Ashton.
Additionally, Lord was commissioned by producer Patrick Gamble for Central Television to write the soundtrack for their 1984 TV series, Country Diary of an Edwardian Lady, based on the book by Edith Holden, with an orchestra conducted by Alfred Ralston and with a distinctly gentle, pastoral series of themes composed by Lord. Lord, now firmly established as a member of UK rock/Oxfordshire mansion aristocracy (in Lord's case, a home called Burntwood, complete with hand-painted Challen baby grand piano, previous owner, Shirley Bassey), was asked to guest on albums by friends George Harrison (Gone Troppo from 1982) and Pink Floyd's David Gilmour (1983's About Face), Cozy Powell (Octopus in 1983) and to play on an adaptation of Kenneth Grahame's classic, Wind in the Willows.

Whitesnake 1978-1983
Lord's re-emergence with Deep Purple in 1984 resulted in huge audiences for the reformed Mk II line-up, including 1985s second largest grossing tour in the US and an appearance in front of 70,000 rain-soaked fans headlining Knebworth on June 22nd 1985, all to support the Perfect Strangers album. Playing with a rejuvenated Purple line-up (including spells at a health farm to get the band including Lord into shape) and being onstage and in the studio with Blackmore, gave Lord the chance to push himself once again and his 'rubato' classical opening sequence to the album's opener, Knocking at Your Back Door (complete with F-Minor to G polychordal harmony sequence), gave Lord the chance to do his most powerful work for years, including on the Zeppelinesque title track, Perfect Strangers. Further albums followed, often of varying quality and by the late-1990s, Lord was clearly keen to explore where to take his career next.
In 1997, he created perhaps his most personal work to date, Pictured Within, released in 1998 and with a European tour to support it. Lord's mother Miriam had died in August 1995 and the album is a deeply affecting piece, inflected at all stages by Lord's sense of grief. Recorded largely in Lord's home from home, the city of Cologne, the album's themes are Elgarian and alpine in equal measure. Lord signed to Virgin Classics to release it and perhaps saw it as the first stage in his eventual departure from Purple to embark on a low-key and altogether more gentle solo career. One song from Pictured Within, entitled "Wait A While" was later covered by Norweigan singer Sissel Kyrkjebø on her 2003/2004 album My Heart. Lord finally retired from Deep Purple in 2002, preceded by an injury that required an operation. He said subsequently, 'Leaving Deep Purple was just as traumatic as I had always suspected it would be and more so - if you see what I mean'. He even dedicated a song to it on 2004s solo effort, Beyond the Notes, called De Profundis, the album was recorded in Bonn with producer, Mario Argandona between June and July 2004.
Pictured Within and Beyond the Notes provide the most personal work by Lord and together, have what his earlier solo work perhaps lacks, a very clear musical voice that is quintessentially his. Together, both albums are uniquely crafted, mature pieces from a man in touch with himself and his spirituality. Lord has slowly built a small, but distinct position and fan base for himself in Europe, collaborating with former ABBA superstar and family friend, Frida (Anni-Frid Lyngstad), on the 2004 track, "The Sun Will Shine Again" (with lyrics by Sam Brown) and performing with her across Europe and subsequently, doing concerts also to première the 2007-scheduled Boom of the Tingling Strings orchestral piece.
In 2003, he also returned to his beloved Rn'B/blues heritage to record an album of standards in Sydney, with Australia's Jimmy Barnes, entitled Live in the Basement, by Jon Lord and the Hootchie Cootchie Men, 2003. He remains one of British rock music's most eclectic and talented instrumentalists. Lord is also happy to support the Sam Buxton Sunflower Jam Healing Trust and in September 2006, performed at a star-studded event to support the charity led by Ian Paice's wife, Jacky (twin sister of Lord's wife Vicky). Featured artists on stage with Lord included Paul Weller, Robert Plant, Phil Manzanera, Ian Paice and Bernie Marsden.
Two Lord compositions, "Boom of the Tingling Strings" and "Disguises (Suite for String Orchestra)", are recorded and scheduled for Summer 2007 release on EMI Classics. Both feature the Odense Symfoniorkester, conducted by Paul Mann. Additionally, a second Hoochie Coochie Men album is in the can as of July 2006 recording in London. This album, Danger - White Men Dancing, was released in October 2007.
His Durham Concerto, commissioned by Durham University for its 175th anniversary celebrations, received its world premiere on 20 October 2007 in Durham Cathedral by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, and featured soloists Lord on Hammond Organ, Kathryn Tickell on Northumbrian pipes, Matthew Barley on cello and Ruth Palmer on violin.
Lord was the next-door neighbour of former Beatle George Harrison, and played piano on the posthumously released Brainwashed (2002) album.

From Purple to Now 1984-

With Deep Purple

Gemini Suite (1972)
Windows (1974)
Sarabande (1976)
Before I Forget (1982)
Country Diary of an Edwardian Lady (1984)
Pictured Within (1998)
Live in the Basement, Jon Lord and the Hoochie Coochie Men (2003)
Beyond The Notes (2004)
Danger - White Men Dancing, Jon Lord and the Hoochie Coochie Men (2007) Solo

Trouble (1978)
Lovehunter (1979)
Ready an' Willing (1980)
Live...In the Heart of the City (1981)
Come an' Get It (1981)
Saints & Sinners (1982)
Slide It In (1984) With Whitesnake

Art Gallery (1966, with The Artwoods)
Gemini Suite Live (1970, with Deep Purple)
The Last Rebel (1971, film score with Tony Ashton)
Windows (1974, with Eberhard Schoener)
First of the Big Bands (1974, with Tony Ashton)
Malice in Wonderland (1977, with PAL)
The Country Diary Of An Edwardian Lady (1984, with Alfred Ralston)
From Darkness To Light (2000, not released)
Calling The Wild (2000, film score, not released)
Boom Of The Tingling Strings (2003, not released)
Disguises (2004, not released) Further reading

'Beyond the Notes': Lord, Jon sleeve-notes by subject (Capitol Music, 2004)
'Pictured Within': Lord, Jon sleeve-notes by subject (Virgin Classics, 1997)
'Before I Forget': Jon Lord interviews by Mike Beecher and Phil Easton (1982)
'Sarabande': Notes by Vince Budd, South Uist, research by Simon Robinson, July 1998
'Burn': 30th Anniversary Edition, notes by Nigel Young, May 2004
'Made in Japan': sleeve notes to official remastered recording by Simon Robinson (1998)
'Purple Reign': Interview with Jon Lord by Lee Marlow, 26 July 2000
'Kindred Sprit' magazine: Interview with Jon Lord, Summer 2000
'Daily Mail': Weekend Magazine, Interview with Jon Lord 'On the Mauve', 1997
'Keyboard Review': Interview with Jon Lord by Cliff Douse, Issue 139, July 1997
'Classic Albums: Machine Head' (DVD): Interviews with Jon Lord, Gillan, Glover, Paice, Blackmore, Eagle Rock Entertainment Limited, 2002
'The Kids Are Alright': Interview with Bill Ashton, MBE, by Vinyl Vulture.
'Jon Lord - With Pictures', 90-minute Australian DVD documentary on Jon Lord with extensive interviews, 2003

2007-11-18T09:26:00.001-08:00

The Invasion of Poland, 1939 (in Poland also "the September Campaign," "Kampania wrześniowa," and "the 1939 Defensive War," "Wojna obronna 1939 roku"; in Germany, "the Poland Campaign," "Polenfeldzug," codenamed "Fall Weiss," "Case White," by the German General Staff, and sometimes called "the Polish-German War of 1939"), which precipitated World War II, was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and a small German-allied Slovak contingent.
The invasion of Poland marked the start of World War II in Europe as Poland's western allies, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand By October 1, Germany and the Soviet Union had completely overrun Poland, although the Polish government never surrendered. In addition, Poland's remaining land and air forces were evacuated to neighboring Romania and Hungary. Many of the exiles subsequently joined the recreated Polish Army in allied France, French-mandated Syria, and the United Kingdom.
In the aftermath of the September Campaign, a resistance movement was formed. Poland's fighting forces continued to contribute to Allied military operations and did so throughout the duration of World War II. Germany captured the Soviet-occupied areas of Poland when it invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, and lost the territory in 1944 to an advancing Red Army. Over the course of the war, Poland lost over 20% of its pre-war population under an occupation that marked the end of the Second Polish Republic.

Opposing forces
Germany had a significant numerical advantage over the Polish and had developed a significant military prior to the conflict. The Heer (Army) had some 2,400 tanks organized into six panzer divisions, utilizing a new operational doctrine. It held that these divisions should act in coordination with other elements of the military, punching holes in the enemy line and isolating selected enemy units which would be encircled and destroyed. This would be repeated and followed up by less mobile mechanized infantry and foot soldiers. The Luftwaffe (Air Force) provided both tactical and strategic air power, particularly dive bombers that attacked and disrupted the enemy's supply and communications lines. Together the new operational methods were nicknamed Blitzkrieg (lightning war). Historian Basil Liddell Hart and A. J. P. Taylor conclude "Poland was a full demonstration of the Blitzkrieg theory". Due to its participation in the Spanish Civil War, the Luftwaffe was probably the most experienced, best trained and well equipped air force in the world in 1939.

Germany
Between 1936 and 1939, Poland invested heavily in industrialization in the Central Industrial Region. Preparations for a defensive war with Germany were ongoing for many years, but most plans assumed fighting would not begin before 1942. To raise funds for industrial development, Poland was selling much of the modern equipment it produced. In 1936 a National Defence Fund was set up collect funds necessary for improving fighting ability of the Polish Armed forces. The Polish Army had about a million soldiers but less than half were mobilized by September 1. Latecomers sustained significant casualties when public transport became targets of the Luftwaffe. The Polish military had fewer armoured forces than the Germans, and these units, being dispersed within the infantry, were unable to effectively engage the enemy.
Experiences in the Polish-Soviet War shaped Polish Army organisational and operational doctrine. Unlike the trench warfare of the First World War, the Polish-Soviet War was a conflict in which the cavalry's mobility played a decisive role. Poland acknowledged the benefits of mobility but was unwilling to invest heavily in many of the expensive and unproven new inventions since then and make these additions to its armed forces. In spite of this, Polish Cavalry brigades were used as a mobile mounted infantry and had some successes against both German infantry and German cavalry.
The Polish Air Force (Lotnictwo Wojskowe) was at a severe disadvantage against the German Luftwaffe although it was not destroyed on the ground. Although the Polish Air Force lacked modern fighter aircraft, its pilots were among the world's best-trained, a fact that was proven a year later in the Battle of Britain, in which the Poles played a major part in beating the Luftwaffe.
Overall, the Germans enjoyed numerical and qualitative aircraft superiority. Poland had only about 600 modern aircraft. The Polish Air Force had about 185 PZL P.11 and some 95 PZL P.7 fighters, 175 PZL.23 Karaś B, 35 Karaś A, and by September over 100 PZL.37 Łoś were produced. Additionally there were over a thousand obsolete transport, reconnaissance and training aircraft. However for the September Campaign only some 70% those aircraft were mobilised. Only 36 PZL.37 Łoś bomber aircraft were deployed for action. All those aircraft were of indigenous Polish design, with the bombers being more modern than fighters according to the Ludomil Rayski air force expansion plan relying on the strong bomber force. Polish fighter aircraft were a generation older than their German counterparts. The Polish PZL P.11 fighter, produced in the early 1930s, was capable of only 365 km/h (about 220 mi/hr), far less than German bombers; to compensate, the pilots relied on the P-11 maneuvrability and high diving speed.
The Polish Navy was a small fleet comprising of destroyers, submarines and smaller support vessels. Most Polish surface units followed Operation Peking, leaving Polish ports on August 20 and escaping to the North Sea to join with the British Royal Navy. Submarine forces participated in Operation Worek, with the goal of engaging and damaging German shipping in the Baltic Sea, but they had much less success. In addition, many Polish Merchant Marine ships joined the British merchant fleet and took part in wartime convoys.
The tank force consited of two armoured brigades, four independent tank battalions and some 30 companies of TKS tankettes attached to infantry divisions and cavalry brigades.

Poland

For more details on this topic, see Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939. Soviet Union

For more details on this topic, see Slovak invasion of Poland. Slovakia
Order of battle of Poland:
Order of battle of invading forces:

Polish army order of battle in 1939
Polish Air Force order of battle in 1939
Polish Navy order of battle in 1939
Polish armaments 1939-1945
German order of battle for Operation Fall Weiss
Soviet order of battle for invasion of Poland in 1939 Order of battle

Main article: Causes of World War II Prelude to the campaign

Details of the campaign

Plans
The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September Campaign, was created by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. The plan called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war, which pursued a traditional doctrine of mass encirclement and the destruction of enemy forces. Germany's material advantages, including the use of modern airpower and tanks, were to be of great advantage. The infantry - far from completely mechanized but fitted with fast moving artillery and logistic support - was to be supported by German tanks and small numbers of truck-mounted infantry (the Schützen regiments, forerunners of the panzergrenadiers) to assist the rapid movement of troops and concentrate on localized parts of the enemy front, eventually isolating segments of the enemy, surrounding, and destroying them. The pre-war armored idea (which an American journalist in 1939 dubbed Blitzkrieg), which was advocated by some generals including Heinz Guderian, would have had the armor blasting holes in the enemy's front and ranging deep into the enemy's rear areas, but in actuality, the campaign in Poland would be fought along more traditional lines. This stemmed from conservatism on the part of the German high command, who mainly restricted the role of armor and mechanized forces to supporting the conventional infantry divisions.
Poland was a country well suited for mobile operations when the weather cooperated - a country of flat plains with long frontiers totalling almost 5,600 kilometres (3,500 mi), Poland had long borders with Germany on the west and north (facing East Prussia) of 2,000 kilometres (1,250 mi). Those had been extended by another 300 kilometres (500 mi) on the southern side in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement of 1938; the German incorporation of Bohemia and Moravia and creation of the German puppet state of Slovakia meant that Poland's southern flank was exposed to invasion.
German planners intended to fully utilise their advantageously long border with the great enveloping manoeuvre of Fall Weiss. German units were to invade Poland from three directions:
All three assaults were to converge on Warsaw, while the main Polish army was to be encircled and destroyed west of the Vistula. Fall Weiss was initiated on September 1, 1939, and was the first operation of the Second World War in Europe.

A main attack from the German mainland through the western Polish border. This was to be carried out by Army Group South commanded by General Gerd von Rundstedt, attacking from German Silesia and from the Moravian and Slovak border: General Johannes Blaskowitz's 8th Army was to drive eastward against Łódź; General Wilhelm List's 14th Army was to push on toward Kraków and to turn the Poles' Carpathian flank; and General Walter von Reichenau's 10th Army, in the centre with Army Group South's armour, was to deliver the decisive blow with a northwestward thrust into the heart of Poland.
A second route of attack from the northern Prussian area. General Fedor von Bock commanded Army Group North comprising General Georg von Küchler's 3rd Army, which struck southward from East Prussia, and General Günther von Kluge's 4th Army, which struck eastward across the base of the Polish Corridor.
A tertiary attack by part of Army Group South's allied Slovak units from the territory of Slovakia.
From within Poland the German minority would assist in the assault on Poland by engaging in diversion and sabotage operations through Selbstschutz units prepared before the war. German plan
The Polish defense plan, Zachód (West), was shaped by political determination to deploy forces directly at the German-Polish border, based upon London's promise to come to Warsaw's military aid in the event of invasion. Moreover, with the nation's most valuable natural resources, industry and highly populated regions near the western border (Silesia region), Polish policy centered on the protection of such regions, especially since many politicians feared that if Poland should retreat from the regions disputed by Germany (like the Polish Corridor, cause of the famous "Danzig or War" ultimatum), Britain and France would sign a separate peace treaty with Germany similar to the Munich Agreement of 1938. In addition, none of those countries specifically guaranteed Polish borders or territorial integrity. On those grounds, Poland disregarded French advice to deploy the bulk of their forces behind the natural barriers of the wide Vistula and San rivers, even though some Polish generals supported it as a better strategy. The Zachód plan did allow the Polish armies to retreat inside the country, but it was supposed to be a slow retreat behind prepared positions near rivers (Narew, Vistula and San), giving the country time to finish its mobilisation, and was to be turned into a general counteroffensive when the Western Allies would launch their own promised offensive.
The Polish Army's most pessimistic fall-back plan involved retreat behind the river San to the southeastern voivodships and their lengthy defence (the Romanian bridgehead plan). The British and French estimated that Poland should be able to defend that region for two to three months, while Poland estimated it could hold it for at least six months. This Polish plan was based around the expectation that the Western Allies would keep their end of the signed alliance treaty and quickly start an offensive of their own. However, neither the French nor the British government made plans to attack Germany while the Polish campaign was fought. In addition, they expected the war to develop into trench warfare much like World War I had, forcing the Germans to sign a peace treaty restoring Poland's borders. The Polish government, however, was not notified of this strategy and based all of its defence plans on promises of a quick relief action by their Western Allies.

Polish plan
Following several German-staged incidents (Operation Himmler), which gave German propaganda an excuse to claim that German forces were acting in self-defense, the first regular act of war took place on September 1, 1939, at 04:40, when the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) attacked the Polish town of Wieluń, destroying 75% of the city and killing close to 1,200 people, most of them civilians. Five minutes later, at 04:45, the old German battleship Schleswig-Holstein opened fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte, in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea. At 08:00, German troops, still without a formal declaration of war issued, attacked near the Polish town of Mokra; the battle of the border had begun. Later that day, the Germans opened fronts along Poland's western, southern and northern borders, while German aircraft began raids on Polish cities. Main routes of attack led eastwards from Germany proper through the western Polish border. A second route carried supporting attacks from East Prussia in the north, and a co-operative German-Slovak tertiary attack by units (Army "Bernolak") from the territory of German-allied Slovakia in the south. All three assaults converged on the Polish capital of Warsaw.
The Allied governments declared war on Germany on September 3; however, they failed to provide Poland with any meaningful support. The German-French border had a few minor skirmishes, although the majority of German forces, including eighty-five percent of their armoured forces, were engaged in Poland. Despite some Polish successes in minor border battles, German technical, operational and numerical superiority forced the Polish armies to withdraw from the borders towards Warsaw and Lwów. The Luftwaffe gained air superiority early in the campaign. By destroying communications the Luftwaffe increased the pace of the advance which overran Polish airstrips and early warning sites and causing logistical problems for the Poles. Many Polish Air Force units were now low on supplies, 98 of their number withdrew into neutral (at that time) Romania.
The Polish government (of president Ignacy Mościcki) and the high command (of Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły) left Warsaw in the first days of the campaign and headed southeast, arriving in Brześć on September 6. General Rydz-Śmigły ordered the Polish forces to retreat in the same direction, behind the Vistula and San rivers, beginning the preparations for the long defence of the Romanian bridgehead area.

Phase 1: German invasion

For more details on this topic, see Soviet invasion of Poland (1939). Civilian losses
At the end of the September Campaign, Poland was divided among Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, Lithuania and Slovakia. Nazi Germany annexed parts of Poland, while the rest was governed by the so-called General Government. On September 28, another secret German-Soviet protocol modified the arrangements of August: all Lithuania was to be a Soviet sphere of influence, not a German one; but the dividing line in Poland was moved in Germany's favor, to the Bug River. Even though water barriers separated most of the spheres of interest, the Soviet and German troops met each other on numerous occasions. The most remarkable event of this kind happened in Brest-Litovsk on September 22. The German 19th panzer corps under the command of Heinz Guderian had occupied Brest-Litovsk, which lay within the Soviet sphere of interest. When the Soviet 29th Tank Brigade under the command of S. M. Krivoshein approached Brest-Litovsk, the commanders negotiated that the German troops would withdraw and the Soviet troops would enter the city saluting each other..
About 65,000 Polish troops were killed in the fighting, with 420,000 others being captured by the Germans and 240,000 more by the Soviets (for a total of 660,000 prisoners). Up to 120,000 Polish troops escaped to neutral Romania (through the Romanian Bridgehead) and Hungary, and another 20,000 escaped to Latvia and Lithuania, with the majority eventually making their way to France or Britain. Most of the Polish Navy succeeded in evacuating to Britain as well. German personnel losses were less than their enemies (~16,000 KIA).
Neither side—Germany, the Western Allies or the Soviet Union—expected that the German invasion of Poland would lead to the war that would surpass World War I in its scale and cost. It would be months before Hitler would see the futility of his peace negotiation attempts with Great Britain and France, but the culmination of combined European and Pacific conflicts would result in what was truly a "world war". Thus, what was not visible to most politicians and generals in 1939 is clear from the historical perspective: The Polish September Campaign marked the beginning of the Second World War in Europe, which combined with the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the Pacific War in 1941, formed the conflict known as World War II.
The invasion of Poland led to Britain and France to declare war on Germany on September 3; however, they did little to affect the outcome of the September Campaign. This lack of direct help during September 1939 led many Poles to believe that they had been betrayed by their Western allies.
On May 23, 1939, Adolf Hitler explained to his officers that the object of the aggression was not Danzig, but the need to obtain German Lebensraum and details of this concept would be later formulated in the infamous Generalplan Ost. [8] [9] The blitzkrieg decimated urban residential areas, civilians soon became indistinguishable from combatants, and the forthcoming German occupation (General Government, Reichsgau Wartheland) was one of the most brutal episodes of World War II, resulting in over 6 million Polish deaths (over 20% of the country's total population, and over 90% of its Jewish minority),-including the mass murder of 3 million Poles, regardless of religious beliefs,[10]- in extermination camps like Auschwitz, in concentation camps, and in numerous ad hoc massacres where civilians were rounded up, taken to a nearby forest, machine-gunned, and then buried, regardless of whether they were actually dead or not.
The Red Army occupied the Polish territories with mostly Ukrainian and Belarusian population. Soviets, met at the beginning as liberators by local people, shortly after started to introduce communist ideology in the area. This led to a powerful anti-Soviet resistance in the West Ukraine. Soviet occupation between 1939 and 1941 resulted in the death or deportation of least 1.8 million former Polish citizens, when all who were deemed dangerous to the communist regime were subject to sovietization, forced resettlement, imprisonment in labour camps (the Gulags) or murdered, like the Polish officers in the Katyn massacre. Part of these casualties were retributions for the attacks of the Ukrainian nationalists on the Polish villages in the West Ukraine, where vengeful feeling was particularly strong. Soviet atrocities commenced again after Poland was "liberated" by the Red Army in 1944, with events like the persecution of the Home Army soldiers and execution of its leaders (Trial of the Sixteen).

Aftermath
There are several common misconceptions regarding the Polish September Campaign:

The Polish military was so backward they fought tanks with cavalry: Although Poland had 11 cavalry brigades and its doctrine emphasized cavalry units as elite units, other armies of that time (including German and Soviet) also fielded and extensively used horse cavalry units. Polish cavalry (equipped with modern small arms and light artillery like the highly effective Bofors 37 mm antitank gun) never charged German tanks or entrenched infantry or artillery directly but usually acted as mobile infantry (like dragoons) and reconnaissance units and executed cavalry charges only in rare situations, against enemy infantry. The article about the Battle of Krojanty (when Polish cavalry were fired on by hidden armored vehicles, rather than charging them) describes how this myth originated.
The Polish air force was destroyed on the ground in the first days of the war: The Polish Air Force, though numerically inferior, was not destroyed on the ground because combat units had been moved from air bases to small camouflaged airfields shortly before the war. Only some trainers and auxiliary aircraft were destroyed on the ground on airfields. The Polish Air Force remained active in the first two weeks of the campaign, causing damage to the Luftwaffe. Many skilled Polish pilots escaped afterwards to the United Kingdom and were deployed by the RAF during the Battle of Britain. Fighting from British bases, Polish pilots were on average the most successful in shooting down German aircraft . Poland also never officially surrendered to the Germans.
The German Army used astonishing new concepts of warfare and used new technology daringly: The myth of Blitzkrieg has been dispelled by some authors, notably Matthew Cooper. Cooper writes (in The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure): "Throughout the Polish Campaign, the employment of the mechanised units revealed the idea that they were intended solely to ease the advance and to support the activities of the infantry…. Thus, any strategic exploitation of the armoured idea was still-born. The paralysis of command and the breakdown of morale were not made the ultimate aim of the … German ground and air forces, and were only incidental by-products of the traditional manoeuvers of rapid encirclement and of the supporting activities of the flying artillery of the Luftwaffe, both of which had as their purpose the physical destruction of the enemy troops. Such was the Vernichtungsgedanke of the Polish campaign." Vernichtungsgedanke was a strategy dating back to Frederick the Great, and was applied in the Polish Campaign little changed from the French campaigns in 1870 or 1914. The use of tanks "left much to be desired...Fear of enemy action against the flanks of the advance, fear which was to prove so disastrous to German prospects in the west in 1940 and in the Soviet Union in 1941, was present from the beginning of the war." Many early postwar histories, such as Barrie Pitt's in The Second World War (BPC Publishing 1966), attribute German victory to "enormous development in military technique which occurred between 1918 and 1940", citing that "Germany, who translated (British inter-war) theories into action… called the result Blitzkrieg." John Ellis, writing in Brute Force (Viking Penguin, 1990) asserted that "…there is considerable justice in Matthew Cooper's assertion that the panzer divisions were not given the kind of strategic (emphasis in original) mission that was to characterise authentic armoured blitzkrieg, and were almost always closely subordinated to the various mass infantry armies." Zaloga and Madej, in The Polish Campaign 1939 (Hippocrene Books, 1985), also address the subject of mythical interpretations of Blitzkrieg and the importance of other arms in the campaign. "Whilst Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the panzers and Stuka attacks, they have tended to underestimate the punishing effect of German artillery (emphasis added) on Polish units. Mobile and available in significant quantity, artillery shattered as many units as any other branch of the Wehrmacht." Myths

Armenian quote
History of Poland (1939–1945)
Oder-Neisse line
Polish cavalry brigade order of battle
Polish contribution to World War II
Timeline of the Polish September Campaign
Western betrayal
Blitzkrieg
Vernichtungsgedanke
War crimes of the Wehrmacht
Treatment of the Polish citizens by the occupiers Notes

Cooper, Matthew The German Army 1939-1945: Its Political and Military Failure. Stein and Day, Briarcliff Manor, NY, 19781 (ISBN 0-8128-2468-7)
Baliszewski Dariusz, Wojna sukcesów, Tygodnik "Wprost", Nr 1141 (10 October 2004), Polish, retrieved on 24 March 2005
Dariusz Baliszewski Most honoru, Tygodnik "Wprost", Nr 1138 (19 September 2004)], Polish, retrieved on 24 March 2005
Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan. Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939-1947. Lexington Books, 2004 (ISBN 0-7391-0484-5).
Ellis, John. Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War. Viking Adult, 1st American ed edition, 1999. (ISBN 0-670-80773-7)
Fischer, Benjamin B., "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field", Studies in Intelligence, Winter 1999-2000, last accessed on 10 December, 2005
Gross, Jan T. Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002 (ISBN 0-691-09603-1).
Hooton, E.R (2007). Luftwaffe at War; Gathering Storm 1933-39. London: Chervron/Ian Allen. ISBN 978-1-903223-71-7.
Kennedy, Robert M. The German Campaign in Poland (1939). Zenger Pub Co, 1980 (ISBN 0-89201-064-9).
Lukas, Richard C. Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944. Hippocrene Books, Inc, 2001 (ISBN 0-7818-0901-0).
Majer, Diemut et al. Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939-1945. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003 (ISBN 0-8018-6493-3)
Prazmowska, Anita J. Britain and Poland 1939-1943 : The Betrayed Ally. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995 (ISBN 0-521-48385-9).
Rossino, Alexander B. Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003 (ISBN 0-7006-1234-3).
Smith, Peter C. Stuka Spearhead: The Lightning War from Poland to Dunkirk 1939-1940. Greenhill Books, 1998 (ISBN 1-85367-329-3).
Sword, Keith The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939-41. Palgrave Macmillan, 1991, (ISBN 0-312-05570-6).
Wacław Stachiewicz (1998). Wierności dochować żołnierskiej. OW RYTM. ISBN 83-86678-71-2.
Taylor, A.J.P. and Mayer, S.L., eds. A History Of World War Two. London: Octopus Books, 1974. ISBN 0-70640-399-1.
Zaloga, Steve, and Howard Gerrard. Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002 (ISBN 1-84176-408-6).
Zaloga, Steve. The Polish Army 1939-1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1982 (ISBN 0-85045-417-4).
Encyklopedia PWN 'KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939', last retrieved on 10 December 2005, Polish language

2007-11-17T10:31:00.001-08:00

Maidstone is a local government district and borough in Kent, England. Its administrative centre is Maidstone. Maidstone is the County town of Kent, and County Hall is located here. grid reference TQ760560
The district was formed on April 1, 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, and was a merger of the former municipal borough of Maidstone with the rural districts of Hollingbourne and Maidstone. They also have a great football team.

Position
The borough is divided into wards: some wards are within the town of Maidstone urban area; the remainder cover rural districts.

Borough divisions
The Maidstone town wards are: Allington; Bridge; Downswood & Otham (1); East; Fant; Heath; High Street; North; Park Wood; Shepway North; Shepway South; and South.

Town wards
The village wards are:

Barming (1)
Boughton Monchelsea & Chart Sutton
Broomfield & Kingswood
Coxheath (1) & Hunton
Detling parish
Downswood & Otham (1)
Headcorn (1)
Harrietsham (1) & Lenham (1)
Loose
Marden & Yalding
North Downs
Staplehurst (1)
Sutton Valence & Langley
Thurnham parish (1)

(1) Villages having a parish council (PC). Within wards above Bredhurst; East Farleigh; Stockbury; Tovil; West Farleigh; and Ulcombe also have a.PC.
The following villages in the district have no parish council; such as Hucking, Bicknor, Frinsted, Otterden, Wichling & Wormshill . Rural wards

Roads
The earliest line through Kent was built by the South Eastern Railway. It was not, however, built to pass through Maidstone: instead, a station was built at Paddock Wood, then named Maidstone Road, some six miles away. It was only in the period between 1844 (when that main line was connected by a branch line to Maidstone) and 1884 that Maidstone became a hub once more, although with local trains only, to Strood, Ashford and (via Swanley Junction to London.

2007-11-16T10:33:00.001-08:00

Jeltoqsan (Kazakh: Желтоқсан; English: December) riot of 1986 was a spontaneous nationwide In the following days, protests spread to Chimkent, Taldy Kyrgan and Karaganda.

Protests
The Central Committee of Kazakhstan's Communist Party estimated that 11,000 people protested, 660 were arrested and jailed. More recent estimates are of at least 30,000 or 40,000 protestors, 5,000 arrested and jailed, an unknown number of casualties.

Independence

Dinmukhamed Kunayev
Black January
Vilnius massacre
April 9 tragedy
Nursultan Nazarbayev
Zharmakhan Tuyakbay
Gorbachev
Tulip Revolution
Student activism

2007-11-15T10:27:00.000-08:00

Eager Lazy Partial Remote Short-circuit Strategy
For another use of this term, see Short-circuit evaluation.
In computer programming, lazy evaluation, also called delayed evaluation, is the technique of delaying a computation until such time as the result of the computation is known to be needed.
The benefits of lazy evaluation include: performance increases due to avoiding unnecessary calculations, avoiding error conditions in the evaluation of compound expressions, the ability to construct infinite data structures, and the ability to define control structures as regular functions rather than built-in primitives.
Languages that use lazy evaluation can be further subdivided into those that use a call-by-name evaluation strategy and those that use call-by-need. Most realistic lazy languages, such as Haskell, use call-by-need for performance reasons, but theoretical presentations of lazy evaluation often use call-by-name for simplicity.
The opposite of lazy evaluation is eager evaluation, also known as strict evaluation. Eager evaluation is the evaluation behavior used in most programming languages.

Other uses

Combinatory logic
Currying
Dataflow
Functional programming
Graph reduction
Lambda calculus
Lazy initialization
Lookahead
Minimal evaluation
Non-strict programming language
Normal order evaluation

2007-11-14T10:13:00.000-08:00

For other places named "Chenango," see Chenango.
Chenango County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2000 census, the population was 51,401. Its name is from an Oneida word meaning "large bull-thistle." Its county seat is Norwich.

History
Chenango County is in the approximate center of the state, west of Albany, north of Binghamton, and southeast of Syracuse. The county is considered to be in the Southern Tier region of New York State.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,328 km² (899 mi²). 2,316 km² (894 mi²) of it is land and 11 km² (4 mi²) of it (0.48%) is water.
The Chenango River, a tributary of the Susquehanna River flows southward through the county.

Geography

Madison County, New York - north
Otsego County, New York - northeast
Delaware County, New York - southeast
Broome County, New York - south
Cortland County, New York - west Adjacent Counties
As of the census² of 2000, there were 51,401 people, 19,926 households, and 13,549 families residing in the county. The population density was 22/km² (58/mi²). There were 23,890 housing units at an average density of 10/km² (27/mi²). The racial makeup of the county was 97.65% White, 0.82% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. 1.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 19,926 households out of which 32.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.10% were married couples living together, 9.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.00% were non-families. 26.10% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the county the population was spread out with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 27.50% from 25 to 44, 24.40% from 45 to 64, and 14.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 97.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $33,679, and the median income for a family was $39,711. Males had a median income of $30,363 versus $22,429 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,427. About 10.70% of families and 14.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.50% of those under age 18 and 8.70% of those age 65 or over.

2007-11-13T09:16:00.001-08:00

For other meanings see Hearts of Oak
"Heart of Oak" is the official march of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom. It is also the official march of the Canadian Navy, as well as the Canadian Forces' Naval Operations Branch.
The music was composed by Dr William Boyce and the words were written by the 18th Century English actor David Garrick.
The "wonderful year" referenced in the first verse is 1759-60, during which British forces were victorious in battles at Quebec City and Quiberon Bay, followed a few months later by the Battle of Wandiwash in India in 1760.
Heart of Oak, even though it is the official march of these military branches was originally written as an opera, many marches don't have lyrics, but the operatic lyrics were adopted for this march and are still proudly sung by many soldiers and cadets in the Commonwealth.

Lyrics
Come, cheer up, my lads, 'tis to glory we steer, To add something more to this wonderful year; To honour we call you, as freemen not slaves, For who are as free as the sons of the waves?
CHORUS Heart of oak are our ships, jolly tars are our men, we always are ready; Steady, boys, steady! We'll fight and we'll conquer again and again.
We ne'er see our foes but we wish them to stay, They never see us but they wish us away; If they run, why we follow, and run them ashore, And if they won't fight us, we cannot do more.
CHORUS...
They swear they'll invade us, these terrible foes, They frighten our women, our children and beaus, But should their flat bottoms in darkness get o'er, Still Britons they'll find to receive them on shore.
CHORUS...
Britannia triumphant, her ships sweep the sea, Her standard is Justice -- her watchword, 'be free.' Then cheer up, my lads, with one heart let us sing, Our soldiers, our sailors, our statesmen, and king.
CHORUS...

2007-11-12T08:04:00.001-08:00

The Doryphoros (Greek δορυφόρος, lit. "Spear-Bearer"; Latinized as Doryphorus) is one of the best known sculptures of the ancient classical era in Western Art and an early example of Greek classical contrapposto.

Polykleitos
Doryphoros or doryphorus can be used for the original work by Polykleitos, or to describe any sculpture imitating this pose, whether the figure actually bears a spear or not; e.g., the Augustus of Prima Porta which is ostensibly modelled on the Doryphoros.
In Modern Greek, the term means "satellite"; the term φυσική δορυφόρος (physike doryphoros) is used for natural satellites, while artificial satellite is a τεχνητός δορυφόρος (tekhnetos doryphoros). See el:Τεχνητός Δορυφόρος.

2007-11-11T07:54:00.001-08:00

Calcareous microfossils
Phosphatic microfossils include Conodonts (tiny oral structures of an extinct chordate group), some scolecodonts ("worm" jaws), Shark spines and teeth, and other Fish remains (collectively called "ichthyoliths").

Phosphatic microfossils
Siliceous microfossils include Diatoms, Radiolaria, Silicoflagellates, phytoliths, some scolecodonts ("worm" jaws), and spicules.

Siliceous microfossils
The study of organic microfossils is called palynology. Organic microfossils include pollen, spores, Chitinozoans (thought to be the egg cases of marine invertebrates), Scolecodonts ("worm" jaws), Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate cysts, and fungal remains.

Methods
Microfossils are especially noteworthy for their importance in biostratigraphy. Since microfossils are often extremely abundant, widespread, and quick to appear and disappear from the stratigraphic record, they constitute ideal index fossils from a biostratigraphic perspective. In addition, the planktonic and nektonic habits of some microfossils gives them the added bonus of appearing across a wide range of facies or paleoenvironments, and having near-global distribution making biostratigraphic correlation even more powerful and effective.
Microfossils also provide some of the most important records of global environmental change on long-timescales, particularly from deep-sea sediments. Across vast areas of the ocean floor the shells of planktonic micro-ogranisms sinking from surface waters provide the dominant source of sediment and they continuously accumulate (typically at rates of 20-50m/million years). Study of changes in assemblages of microfossils and of changes in their shell chemistry (e.g oxygen isotope composition) are fundamental to research on climate change in the geological past.
In addition to providing an excellent tool for sedimentary rock-body dating and for paleoenvironmental reconstruction -- heavily used in both petroleum geology and paleoceanography -- micropaleontology has also found a number of less orthodox applications, such as its growing role in forensic police investigation or in provenancing archaeological artefacts.

2007-11-10T07:20:00.001-08:00

Calumet Brookville Township is located in Cook County, Illinois. The population was 22,374 at the 2000 census.

2007-11-09T07:14:00.001-08:00

Paul Dana (April 15, 1975 – March 26, 2006) was an American race car driver in the Indy Racing League.

Racing career
In the practice session for the first race of the 2006 IRL season, at Homestead-Miami Speedway, Dana collided with Ed Carpenter's disabled car after Carpenter's tire went flat, thrusting the car into retaining wall, before sliding to the bottom of the track. Paul Dana, in the Rahal-Letterman car, was told to "go low" by his spotter. Slow-motion footage showed that Paul had hit debris from Ed's car just before impact, which caused damage to the right-front suspension.
ABC/ESPN's telemetry indicated Dana's car hit Carpenter's car at about 176 mph, while Scott Sharp, who was running alongside Dana, reported that he had slowed to approximately 50 mph by the time of Dana's impact.
Dana was transported to Jackson Memorial Hospital, where he succumbed to his injuries just before noon. He was 30 years old, and is survived by his wife Tonya.
After his death, Dana's teammates Buddy Rice and Danica Patrick did not compete in the Toyota Indy 300 at Homestead-Miami Speedway, as a mark of respect for their deceased teammate.
On his March 27, 2006 television show, an emotional David Letterman paused to offer his condolences to Paul Dana's family; "It's not hard to imagine the despair and sorrow that Paul Dana's wife, Tonya, and the rest of his family are feeling now, and I want them to know that they have the thoughts and the prayers of myself, the entire Rahal-Letterman team, and the entire racing community and, hopefully, that will give them the slightest amount of comfort. I did not know Paul personally but we were all proud to have him on our team and are deeply saddened by his tragic passing at such a young age."

2007-11-08T08:09:00.000-08:00

Broca's area is a section of the human brain that is involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension. It is located in the opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cortex. Broca's and Wernicke's areas are found unilaterally in the brain. Broca's area is named after the 19th century physician Paul Broca.
It comprises Brodmann area 44,

Aphasia

arcuate fasciculus
cortex
expressive aphasia
human brain
language
pars opercularis
pars triangularis
Wernicke's area

2007-11-07T09:27:00.000-08:00

The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family, a son of Queen Victoria. Arthur served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916. He was created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex in 1874.

Early life
Like his elder brothers, he received his early education from tutors. Prince Arthur became interested in the army at early age. In 1866, he entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich and received a commission as a lieutenant in the Corps of Royal Engineers two years later. He later transferred to the Royal Regiment of Artillery and then to the Rifle Brigade.
Arthur had a long and distinguished career in the British Army that included service in South Africa, Canada, Ireland, Egypt in 1882 and in India from 1886 to 1890. On 1 April 1893, he was promoted to the rank of general. Arthur had hoped to succeed his first cousin once-removed, the elderly Duke of Cambridge, as commander-in-chief of the British Army, upon the latter's forced retirement in 1895. However, this was denied to him. Instead, he held command in the southern district of Aldershot from 1893 to 1898. Arthur became a Field Marshal on 26 June 1902. He served in various important positions thereafter, as Commander-in-Chief in Ireland (1900-1904); Inspector-General of the Forces (1904–1907), and as Governor General of Canada (1911–1916).

Army service
Prince Arthur was created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, and Earl of Sussex on 24 May 1874.

Royal Dukedom
On 13 March 1879, Arthur married Princess Luise Margarete of Prussia, the daughter of Prince Friedrich of Prussia and a grand-niece of the German Emperor Wilhelm I, at St. George's Chapel, Windsor. They had three children;
The Duke and Duchess of Connaught acquired Bagshot Park in Surrey as their country home and after 1900 used Clarence House as their London residence.

Princess Margaret of Connaught (15 January 1882 – 1 May 1920)
Prince Arthur of Connaught (13 January 1883 – 12 September 1938)
Princess Patricia of Connaught (17 March 1886 – 12 January 1974) Marriage
When his brother was obliged to resign the office upon his accession as Edward VII, Prince Arthur was elected Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, and was annually reelected 37 times until 1939, when he was nearly 90.

Freemasonry
In 1899, Arthur came into direct line of succession to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in Germany, upon the death of his nephew, the only son of his elder brother, the Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. He decided, however, to renounce his own and his son's succession rights to the duchy, which then passed to his nephew, Prince Charles Edward, the posthumous son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany.

Dukedom of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
In 1911, the British government appointed Arthur to the post of Governor General of Canada. During Arthur's term of office as governor general, Sir Robert Borden was Prime Minister and Canada was making steady progress in its transformation from British colony to independent nation. Governors General however, were still appointed by the British, and Arthur was the first member of the British Royal Family to serve in the post (though his sister Princess Louise had been the wife of a previous Governor General, Lord Lorne), helping to strengthen ties between the British monarchy and Canada.
Arthur travelled to Canada, with his wife, the Duchess of Connaught, and his youngest daughter, Princess Patricia. They lived together at Rideau Hall in Ottawa, and travelled extensively throughout Canada. Arthur served as liaison between the British government and Canada during World War I. He re-laid the cornerstone of the burned-out federal parliament building in 1917. The stone had been set in the original building by Prince Albert Edward (later Edward VII) in 1860. Both the Duchess and Princess became popular figures in Canadian society. The Connaughts also made many improvements to Rideau Hall during the Arthur's term as Governor General.

Governor General of Canada
In 1914, World War I broke out, with Canadians called to arms against Germany and Austria-Hungary. The Connaughts remained in Canada at the beginning of the war. Arthur emphasized the need for military training and readiness for Canadian troops departing for war, and gave his name to Connaught Cup for the Royal North West Mounted Police, to encourage pistol marksmanship for recruits. He was active in auxiliary war services and charities and conducted hospital visits, while the Duchess of Connaught worked for the Red Cross and other organizations to support the war cause. She was also Colonel-in-Chief of the Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Canadian Rangers battalion, one of the regiments in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Their daughter, Princess Patricia of Connaught, also lent her name and support to the raising of a new Canadian army regiment — Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry.
Following the war, Arthur commissioned a stained glass window in their memory which is located in St. Bartholomew's Church next to Rideau Hall, which the family attended regularly.

World War One
After his term at Rideau Hall, the Duke of Connaught returned to military service for the remainder of the war. The Duchess, who had been ill during their years at Rideau Hall, died in March 1917. The Duke withdrew from public life in 1928, and died 14 years later at Bagshot Park in 1942, at the age of 91. At the time of his death he was the last living son of Queen Victoria. He also had outlived two of his three children. He was succeeded (briefly) in his dukedom by his grandson, Alastair Windsor, the son of Prince Arthur and his wife, Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife, a granddaughter of Edward VII.

Later life

Connaught Hall, London, a University of London intercollegiate hall or residence
Connaught Hall, Botwood, NL. Masonic Temple, built 1911.
Connaught Circle, principal shopping precinct of New Delhi
Port Arthur, Ontario, a former city at the Lakehead of Ontario, incorporated with its former twin city of Fort William as Thunder Bay in 1970
In Canada, numerous schools, roads, parks, and a military regiment are named for the first Duke, dating from his term as Governor General (eg Connaught Public School, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada)
Connaught National Army Cadet Training Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Connaught Building, the headquarters of the Canadian Revenue Agency, in Ottawa
Connaught Road, a major road along the harbourfront in Hong Kong
Connaught Public School, Collingwood, Ontario, Canada Ancestors

Titles, styles, honours and arms

1850-1874: His Royal Highness The Prince Arthur
1874-1942: His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn Titles

KG: Royal Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1867)
KT: Extra Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (1869)
KP: Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick (1869)
GCMG: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George (1870)
GCSI: Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India (1877)
GCIE: Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (1887)
GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (1896)
GCB: Grand Master & Principal Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (1898)
GBE: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (1917)
Royal Victorian Chain
PC: Privy Counsellor (1871)
GCStJ: Bailiff Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of St. John of Jerusalem
VD: Volunteer Decoration (1892)
TD: Territorial Decoration (1934) Medals

His Royal Highness The Prince Arthur of the United Kingdom 1850-1867
His Royal Highness The Prince Arthur of the United Kingdom KG 1867-1869
His Royal Highness The Prince Arthur of the United Kingdom KG KT KP 1869-1870
His Royal Highness The Prince Arthur of the United Kingdom KG KT KP 1870-1871
His Royal Highness The Prince Arthur of the United Kingdom KG KT KP GCMG PC 1871-1874
His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG KT KP GCMG PC 1874-1877
His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG KT KP GCSI GCMG PC 1877-1887
His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG KT KP GCSI GCMG GCIE PC 1887-1892
His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG KT KP GCSI GCMG GCIE VD PC 1892-1896
His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG KT KP GCSI GCMG GCIE GCVO VD PC 1896-1898
His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG KT KP GCB GCSI GCMG GCIE GCVO VD PC 1898-1917
His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG KT KP GCB GCSI GCMG GCIE GCVO GBE VD PC 1917-1934
His Royal Highness The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG KT KP GCB GCSI GCMG GCIE GCVO GBE VD TD PC 1934-1942

2007-11-06T08:49:00.000-08:00

"All Time High" is a song sung by American singer Rita Coolidge. It was the title song of the James Bond film Octopussy.
Rita Coolidge's recording of "All Time High" spent four weeks at #1 on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary singles chart in 1983 and was also a moderate pop hit at #36 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was written by John Barry and Tim Rice. According to the Billboard Book of Number One Adult Contemporary Hits by Wesley Hyatt, however, Coolidge is said to have disliked the song despite its chart success (since it was written so quickly, she felt it was not a finished work), and in later concerts often had her backing musicians play "All Time High" as an overture so she wouldn't have to sing it herself.
The song was later covered by the British group Pulp for David Arnold's Shaken and Stirred album.
"Official" (EON Productions) films John Barry & Orchestra "James Bond Theme" • Matt Monro "From Russia with Love" • Shirley Bassey "Goldfinger" • Tom Jones "Thunderball" • Nancy Sinatra "You Only Live Twice" • John Barry "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" • Shirley Bassey "Diamonds Are Forever" • Paul McCartney & Wings "Live and Let Die" • Lulu "The Man with the Golden Gun" • Carly Simon "Nobody Does It Better" • Shirley Bassey "Moonraker" • Sheena Easton "For Your Eyes Only" • Rita Coolidge "All Time High" • Duran Duran "A View to a Kill" • a-ha "The Living Daylights" • Gladys Knight "Licence To Kill" • Tina Turner "GoldenEye" • Sheryl Crow "Tomorrow Never Dies" • Garbage "The World Is Not Enough" • Madonna "Die Another Day" • Chris Cornell "You Know My Name" "Unofficial" (licensed, non-EON) films Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass "Casino Royale" • Lani Hall "Never Say Never Again"

2007-11-05T09:05:00.000-08:00

Central Suffolk and North Ipswich is a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Members of Parliament

2007-11-04T09:33:00.001-08:00

Paul Berg (born June 30, 1926 in Brooklyn, New York, USA) is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1943, received his B.S. in biochemistry from Penn State University in 1948 and Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952. In 1980 he shared half of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry with the team of Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. All three were recognized for their important contributions to basic research in nucleic acids. His studies as a postgraduate involved the use of radioisotope tracers in intermediary metabolism. This resulted in the understanding of how foodstuffs are converted to cellular materials, through the use of isotopic carbons or heavy nitrogen atoms. Paul Berg's doctorate paper is now known as the conversion of formic acid, formaldehyde and methanol to fully reduced states of methyl groups in methionine. He was also one of the first to demonstrate that folic Acid and B12 cofactors had roles in the processes mentioned.
Paul's new research has ventured from metabolic biochemistry, and as a professor in Stanford University he now researches Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA. His main goal now, is to target exogenous genes to specific loci in the genome at high frequencies. Other studies, involving the HIV-1 virus, are being conducted by his research team. The HIV-1 virus induces an immunodeficiency disease that infects T-helper cells.
Prof. Berg is a member of the Board of Sponsors of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists[1]. He was also an organizer of the Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA in 1975. The previous year, Berg and other scientists had called for a voluntary moratorium on certain recombinant DNA research until they could evaluate the risks. That influential conference did evaluate the potential hazards and set guidelines for biotechnology research. It can be seen as an early application of the precautionary principle.
Berg was also awarded the National Medal of Science in 1983, by Ronald Reagan.

2007-11-03T09:09:00.001-07:00

Definitions
Advocacy journalists and civic journalists criticize this last understanding of objectivity, arguing that it does a disservice to the public because it fails to attempt to find the truth. They also argue that such objectivity is nearly impossible to apply in practice — newspapers inevitably take a point of view in deciding what stories to cover, which to feature on the front page, and what sources they quote. Media critics such as Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky (1988) have described a propaganda model that they use to show how in practice such a notion of objectivity ends up heavily favoring the viewpoint of government and powerful corporations.
Another example of an objection to objectivity, according to communication scholar David Mindich (Just the Facts: How "Objectivity" Came to Define American Journalism, 1998), was the coverage that the major papers (most notably the New York Times) gave to the lynching of thousands of African Americans during the 1890s. News stories of the period often described with detachment the hanging, immolation and mutilation of men, women and children by mobs. Under the regimen of objectivity, news writers often attempted to balance these accounts by recounting the alleged transgressions of the victims that provoked the lynch mobs to fury. David Mindich argues that this may have had the effect of normalizing the practice of lynching.

Alternatives
The term objectivity was not applied to journalistic work until the 20th century, but it had fully emerged as a guiding principle by the 1890s. A number of communication scholars and historians agree that the idea of "objectivity" has prevailed as a dominant discourse among journalists in the United States since the appearance of modern newspapers in the Jacksonian Era of the 1830s. The rise of objectivity in journalistic method is also rooted in the scientific positivism of the 19th century, as professional journalism of the late 19th century borrowed parts of its worldview from various scientific disciplines of the day.
Some have observed that "objectivity" went hand in hand with the need to make profits in the newspaper business by selling advertising. Publishers did not want to offend any potential advertising customers and therefore encouraged news editors and reporters to strive to present all sides of an issue.

2007-11-02T11:07:00.001-07:00

Derrell "Mookie" Mitchell (born September 16, 1971 in Miami, Florida) is a Canadian Football League slotback with the Toronto Argonauts.

College Career
Mitchell spent the 1995 season with the Scottish Claymores of the World League of American Football, having been allocated there by the New Orleans Saints, catching 11 passes for 145 yards and one touchdown.

2007-11-01T09:03:00.001-07:00

Will Rothhaar (born January 12, 1987) is an American actor.
Rothhaar was born in New York City, New York, the son of Michael Rothhaar and Nancy Linehan Charles, both of whom are playwrights, actors and directors.
Rothhaar began acting in the mid 1990s, and appeared in several made-for-television films and series, including Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Mad About You. He had supporting roles in several feature films, including Jack Frost and Hearts in Atlantis. In 1999, he received the Hollywood Reporter "Young Star Award" for his portrayal of John in David Mamet's The Cryptogram at the Geffen Playhouse. Rothhaar's biggest role to date was the leading role in the film, Kart Racer, which received a theatrical release in September 2003. In 2004, he appeared on the series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and had a regular role on the show Listen Up, playing Mickey Kleinman, the son of Jason Alexander's character. He also appeared the 2005 film, Must Love Dogs.

2007-10-31T09:01:00.001-07:00

For the death metal band, see Hypocrisy (band).
Hypocrisy is the act of condemning or calling for the condemnation of another person when the critic is guilty of the act for which he demands that the accused be condemned. Though hypocrisy is frequently invoked as an accusation in debates, a few theorists have studied the utility of hypocrisy, and in some cases have suggested that the conflicts manifested as hypocrisy are a necessary or even beneficial part of human behavior and society.

Etymology
Merriam-Webster defines hypocrisy as "a feigning to be what one is not or to believe what one does not."
Webster's New World Dictionary defines it thus: "A pretending to be what one is not, or to feel what one does not feel, especially a pretense of virtue, piety, etc." It defines hypocrite as follows: "a person who pretends to be what he is not, one who pretends to be better than he really is."
Since the root of the word comes from actors acting a part, the definition as laid out in dictionaries makes sense. It appears popular usage uses the word to mean something different from its dictionary definition.
Popularily, it is believed an act of hypocrisy has the aim to condemn another person or people, but not to condemn an act; when the critic makes verbal attacks or demands of punishment against perpetrators of the act that one practices oneself. The word hypocrisy is used to mean, simply put, the pot calling the kettle black. One is hard put to find dictionary support of that meaning.
Hypocrisy, then, consists of pretense, feigning, phoniness, being two-faced, insincerity. The theme of insincerity underlies the words of Jesus in the Christian Bible when he calls certain Pharisees to task for being hypocrites, i.e., insincere in their religious practices.

Defining hypocrisy
Hypocrisy has been described alongside lack of sincerity, as a characteristic which attracts particular opprobrium in the modern age.

Psychology of hypocrisy
Hypocrisy is often utilized intentionally as a form of sarcastic humor, not only in film and television, but among the population. Of course, there is a distinct boundary between humorous hypocrisy and what can be interpreted as serious hypocrisy. Often, if the hypocrisy act is carried out too long, one may get the impression that they are serious. Another form of serious hypocrisy that was intended to be funny is when the listener does not realize that it is humor, or when the speaker insults the listener. In comedy writing, this is sometimes called a "Stan Daniels turn," a joke setup where "a character says something and then does an immediate 180-degree shift on what he just said," according to The Simpsons producer Al Jean.

Theoretical issues

Tu quoque
Moral absolutism
Moral relativism
Pot calling the kettle black
Champagne socialist
Discourse on Judgementalism

2007-10-30T10:08:00.001-07:00

KTAZ is a NBC Telemundo owned-and-operated television station in Phoenix, Arizona, broadcasting in analog on UHF channel 39 from South Mountain. It has no separate digital channel. KTAZ airs Spanish-language programming from the Telemundo network.

License swap
Because it was granted an original construction permit after the FCC finalized the DTV allotment plan on April 21, 1997 [4], the station did not receive a companion channel for a digital television station. Instead, on or before February 17, 2009, which is the end of the digital TV conversion period for full-service stations, KTAZ will be required to turn off its analog signal and turn on its digital signal (called a "flash-cut").

2007-10-29T10:47:00.001-07:00

Court of Exchequer may refer to:
Exchequer of pleas, an ancient English court, that ceased to exist independently in the late nineteenth century
Court of Exchequer Chamber, an ancient English appellate court, that ceased to exist independently in the late nineteenth century.
Court of Exchequer (Scotland)', an ancient Scottish Court

2007-10-28T11:08:00.001-07:00

There are a multitude of languages spoken in Canada, but only English, French and certain aboriginal languages have official status. The Constitution of Canada itself recognizes two official languages, English and French, and all constitutional acts since 1982 have themselves been enacted in these two official languages. The English version of earlier Constitutional Acts is the only official version. Inuktitut notably has official status in the Northwest Territories, in Nunavut and in Nunavik, Quebec.
The first major step towards official recognition of languages other than English took place on July 7, 1969, when the federal Canadian Parliament adopted the Official Languages Act, making French commensurate to English throughout federal institutions. Since then, Inuktitut, Dene Suline, Cree, Dogrib, Gwich'in and Slavey have also gained limited official status, although only English and French are used for administrative matters by the federal, provincial and territorial administrations.
According to the 2001 census, Anglophones and Francophone represent roughly 59.3% and 22.9% of the population respectively. The rest of the population represent persons whose mother tongues are Chinese, Vietnamese, Spanish, Italian, German, Aboriginal languages, or other.
The following article refers to language by mother tongue unless otherwise specified.

Bilingualism
English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French. While multiculturalism is an official policy of the federal government, to obtain Canadian citizenship, a candidate must normally be able to speak either English or French.
The principles of bilingualism in Canada are protected in sections 16 to 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms of 1982 which establishes that:
New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, a status specifically guaranteed by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms of 1982. Some provincial governments which are not officially bilingual, notably Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, offer services to their official language minority populations.
Until 1977, however, Quebec was the only officially bilingual province in Canada and most public institutions functioned in both languages. With the adoption of the Charter of the French Language by Quebec's National Assembly in August 1977, however, French became the sole official language of the government of Quebec. However, the French Language Charter also provides certain rights for speakers of English and aboriginal languages and most government services are available in both French and English. Regional institutions in Northern Quebec notably offer services in Inuktitut and Cree.
All three federal territories recognize both English and French as official languages, although English is the only language used for administrative purposes. Dene Suline, Cree, Dogrib, Gwich'in and Slavey also have some official status in the Northwest Territories. Inuktitut, which is the majority language in both Nunavut and Nunavik, also has official status in both territories.

French and English are equal to each other as federal official languages;
Debate in Parliament may take place in either official language;
Federal laws shall be printed in both official languages, with equal authority;
Anyone may deal with any court established by Parliament, in either official language;
Everyone has the right to receive services from the federal government in his or her choice of official language;
Members of a minority language group of one of the official languages if learned and still understood (i.e., French speakers in a majority English-speaking province, or vice versa) or received primary school education in that language has the right to have their children receive a public education in their language, where numbers warrant. Official bilingualism
More than 98% of Canadian residents speak either English or French. While the federal government remains officially bilingual, almost 99% of Canadian residents outside Quebec speak English and about 95% of Quebec residents speak French (2001 Census). Most Canadians outside Quebec are fluent only in English and many Quebeckers are fluent only in French.
About 40% of Quebec residents and about 10% of the population residing outside Quebec claim to be bilingual (2001 Census). All together, 18% of Canadian residents speak both English and French, according to the answers they provided to Statistics Canada. Thus, a majority of bilingual Canadians are themselves Quebeckers.
French is mostly spoken in Quebec, in New Brunswick, in Eastern and Northern Ontario, in southern Manitoba as well as in several communities in the other provinces. A distinct community also exists on Newfoundland's Port-au-Port peninsula; a remnant of French occupation of the island. Canada's francophones numbered some 6.9 million individuals in 2001. Of these, 85% resided in Quebec. In addition to francophones of French-Canadian and Acadian origin, many francophones of Haiti, France, Belgium, Morocco, Lebanon and Switzerland have emigrated to Quebec since the early 1960s. As a result of this wave of immigration and the assimilation of many earlier generations of non-francophone immigrants (Irish, English, French, Italian, Portuguese, etc.), Canadian-born francophones of Quebec are of diverse ethnic origin. Five francophone Premiers of Quebec have been of British ethnic origin, as defined by Statistics Canada: John Jones Ross, Edmund James Flynn, Daniel Johnson, Sr, Pierre Marc Johnson and Daniel Johnson, Jr.
The assimilation of francophones outside Quebec into the English-Canadian society signifies that most francophones outside Quebec are generally of French-Canadian or Acadian origin, with the exception of recent immigrants from the francophone world. Over one million Canadians of French ethnic origin living outside of Quebec have English as their mother tongue (1991 Census, ethnic origin and mother tongue, by province).

Other languages
See also: Canadian Gaelic and Newfoundland Irish
Irish and Scottish Gaelic were spoken by many immigrants that settled in the Maritimes and Newfoundland. Newfoundland is the only place outside Europe to have its own Irish dialect, Newfoundland Irish, and the only place outside Europe to have its own distinct name in Irish, Talamh an Éisc, meaning 'land of the fish'. The Irish language is rare in Newfoundland now. Scottish Gaelic was spoken predominantly in areas of northern New Brunswick's Restigouche River valley, central and southeastern Prince Edward Island, as well as across the whole of northern Nova Scotia and particularly Cape Breton Island. While the language has mostly disappeared, there are regional pockets mostly centred on families deeply committed to their Celtic traditions; Nova Scotia, currently has 500-1000 fluent speakers, mostly in northwestern Cape Breton Island. There are also attempts in Nova Scotia to institute Gaelic immersion and there are formal post-secondary studies in the language and culture available through St. Francis Xavier University and the Gaelic College. In western Canada, Scottish Gaelic was mixed with Cree to form the Bungee language. At one point a motion was tabled in Parliament that Gaelic be made the third official language of the Dominion, but did not pass.

Gaelic

Main article: Canadian Ukrainian Ukrainian
Some members of the 900,000 Indigenous people in Canada (3%) speak one or more of fifty different languages. The most important languages still used are Cree, Inuktitut, Ojibway, Innu, and Mi'kmaq. A 1996 census revealed that about 67.8% of Indigenous people reported to be native English speakers. Nearly half (47%) of Indigenous people in Quebec reported an Indigenous language as mother tongue, the highest proportion of any province.

Indigenous languages

Hybrid languages
Linguistic and cultural diversity on Canada's frontier in the West and in its early past in the Atlantic promoted the development of hybrid languages, most notably Michif, a "mixed language" of Cree-Ojibwa-Assiniboine-French evolved within the Prairie Metis community, and also the less documented Bungie (also Bungy, Bungee, Bungay, a.k.a. the Red River Dialect), which is similar to Michif but confined to the Red River area of Manitoba and which is a mix of Cree and Scots Gaelic.

Michif and Bungay
In the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Cartier's day the existence of a Basque pidgin has been established, apparently a mix of local Algonkian languages and Basque.

Basque pidgin
In British Columbia, Yukon and throughout the Pacific Northwest a pidgin language known as the Chinook Jargon emerged in the early 19th Century which was a combination of Chinookan, Nootka, Chehalis, French and English, with a smattering of words from other languages including Hawaiian and Spanish.

Chinook Jargon
Mother tongue: The language spoken by the mother or the person responsible for taking care of the child is the most basic measure of a population's language. However, with the high number of mixed francophone-anglophone marriages and the reality of bilingualism and trilingualism, this description does not allow to fully determine the real linguistic portrait of Canada. It is, however, still essential, for example in order to calculate the assimilation rate.
Home language: This is the language most often spoken at home. This descriptor has the advantage of pointing out the current usage of languages. It however fails to describe the language that is most spoken at work, which may be a different language.
Knowledge of Official Languages: This measure describes which of the two official languages of Canada a person can speak informally. This relies on the person's own evaluation of his/her linguistic competence and can prove misleading. It was developed by Statistics Canada.
First Official Language Spoken: This is a composite measure of mother tongue, home language and knowledge of official language. It was developed by Statistics Canada.
Official language minority: Based on first official language learned, but placing half of the people equally proficient in both English and French into each linguistic community; it is used by the Canadian government to define English- and French-speaking communities in order to guage demand for minority language services in a region.

Demolinguistic descriptors
Of the 29.6 million citizens of Canada in 2001 (increasing to roughly 33 million in June 2006), 17.3 million are native English speakers, 6.7 million are native French-speakers and 5.2 million are native speakers of neither of Canada's two official languages. Another 380 thousand reported having more than one mother tongue.
Statistics Canada, 2001

English 17,352,315
French 6,703,325
Chinese 753,745
Vietnamese 631,055
Spanish 480,715
Italian 469,485
German 438,080
Punjabi 271,220
English and a language other than French 219,860
Portuguese 213,815
Polish 208,375
Arabic 199,940
Tagalog 154,060
Ukrainian 148,090
Dutch 128,670
Greek 120,365
English and French 112,575
Russian 94,555
Persian 94,095
Tamil 90,010
Korean 85,070
Urdu 80,895
Hungarian 75,555
Cree 72,800
Gujarati 57,555
Hindi 56,325
Croatian 54,880
Romanian 50,895
Serbian 41,180
French and a language other than English 38,630
Japanese 34,815
Bengali 29,505
Inuktitut 29,005
Armenian 27,350
Serbo-Croatian 26,690
Somali 26,110
Czech 24,790
Finnish 22,405
Ojibway 21,000
Yiddish 19,295
Turkish 18,675
Danish 18,230
Slovak 17,545
Macedonian 16,905
Slovenian 12,800
Hebrew 12,435
Twi 11,070
Estonian 10,848
English, French and another language 10,085 Language composition by Mother Tongue
The population of Canada being unequally distributed throughout a vast territory, a look at the population of each of its ten provinces and three territories is helpful. The following table details the population of each province and territory by mother tongue.

Protection of Minority Language Speakers

Demographics of Canada
Immigration to Canada
Constitution of Canada
Bilingualism in Canada
French in Canada
Canadian English
Newfoundland English
Quebec English
Quebec French
Acadian French
Newfoundland French
Newfoundland Irish
Scottish Gaelic in Canada
Chinook Jargon
Canadian Ukrainian
Category:Languages of Canada
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Arctic
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Northwest Coast
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands

2007-10-27T09:57:00.001-07:00

Swindon, United Kingdom
White, Teal, and Grey
Wayne Fiddes
Peter Russell
Private Limited Company (Swindon Wildcats Limited)
swindonwildcats.com
Swindon npower Wildcats are an Ice Hockey team; they were originally formed with this name in 1986 as a council-operated venture before being privatised in the early 90s. Changes in ownership led to a name change for the 1996/97 season (Swindon IceLords). Subsequent owners in a short period of time saw several different clubs play out of the Swindon rink, including Swindon Chill (1998-2000), Swindon Phoenix (2000-2001) and Swindon Lynx (2001-2004).
Former player Steve Nell, referee Mark Thompson, and encumbent volunteers secured the operation of the team in 2004, immediately reverting the club to their original name much to the delight of the resurgent fan-base.
Sponsored by national energy company, RWE npower plc, the npower Wildcats compete in the English Premier Ice Hockey League.

2007-10-26T11:04:00.001-07:00

This is a list of municipalities in British Columbia, Canada. Municipalities of British Colombia are local governments incorporated by the province. In total, there are 157 municipalities in the province, covering over 85% of its population. They range from a 44 hectares (109 acres) village with less than 200 people to a city of 578,000 people. A municipality is created to allow a community to govern itself and to provide and regulate local services. These services typically include, but are not limited to, the provision of drinking water, sewers, roads, fire protection, street lights, garbage/recycling collection, land use planning, building inspection, and parks.

Municipal status

2007-10-25T09:32:00.001-07:00

Nathuram Vinayak Godse (Marathi: नथूराम विनायक गोडसे) (May 19, 1910 – November 15, 1949) was the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi.

Early life
Godse dropped out of high school and became an activist with the Hindu Mahasabha. Godse was an RSS activist who, according its leadership, left the organisation before the assassination. They were particularly opposed to the separatist politics of the All India Muslim League. Godse started a Marathi newspaper for Hindu Mahasabha called Agrani, some years later renamed Hindu Rashtra.
The Hindu Mahasabha had initially backed Gandhi's campaigns of civil disobedience against the British government.
However, Godse and his mentors later rejected Gandhi. They felt that Gandhi was sacrificing Hindu interests in an effort to appease minority groups. They blamed Gandhi for the bloody Partition of India, which left hundreds of thousands of people dead.

Godse's political career

The Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
The immediate motive for the assassination is usually ascribed to Gandhi's decision to fast to the death unless the Indian central government reversed a decision to withhold the transfer of 55 crore (550 million) rupees to the government of Pakistan. The transfer had been specified in the partition agreement, but the Indian government had refused to complete it, complaining of continued Pakistani rebel occupation of disputed parts of Kashmir.
The Indian government immediately reversed its decision to withhold the funds, which infuriated Godse and his fellow Hindu radicals.
It is not clear whether the decision to assassinate Gandhi was taken by Godse alone, or whether he had consulted with other Mahasabha members, or even received their help in carrying out the assassination. The Mahasabha resolutely denied all complicity, and Godse took full responsibility. However, many critics believe that Godse did not act alone.

Motive
Following his assassination of Gandhi, Godse, who did not try to flee, was captured and put on trial beginning May 27, 1948. On November 8, 1949 Godse was sentenced to death for the killing. He was hanged at Ambala Jail on November 15, 1949 along with Narayan Apte, the other conspirator.

The trial and execution
Millions of Indians mourned Gandhi's assassination. Massive anti Brahmin riots spread, especially across the length and breadth of Maharashtra state, as Godse was a Bramhin. Sangli and Miraj regions were hit harder. Houses of Brahmins were burnt, people killed and families destroyed just because they shared the same caste as Godse. The Maratha protagonists were largely supposed to be behind the arson. Culprits for the riots went on scot free to date. The Hindu Mahasabha was vilified and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the RSS, was temporarily banned. However, later investigators could find no evidence that the RSS bureaucracy had formally sponsored or even knew of Godse's plot. The RSS ban was lifted by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in 1949.
The RSS to this day denies any connection with Godse and dispute the claim that he was a member; they say that Godse was definitely a member of the Congress Party, and that if any party should be blamed, it should be the Congress, not the RSS.
Savarkar was also charged with conspiracy in the assassination of Gandhi, but was acquitted and subsequently released.
A film Nine Hours to Rama was made in 1963 and was based on the events leading up to the assassination, seen mainly from Godse's point-of-view. The film Hey Ram made in 2000 also briefly touches the events related to the assassination. The popular Marathi language drama "Mee Nathuram Godse Boltoy" (This is Nathuram Godse Speaking) was also made from Godse's point of view.
Noted historian Y D Phadke has written a comprehensive book- "Nathuramayan"-on the sorriest chapter in Indian history. He has debunked all the myths created by Hindu fundamentalists around Godse.

2007-10-24T10:57:00.001-07:00

The Cook Islands are named from a Russian naval chart of the early 1880s, after Captain James Cook, who visited the islands in 1773 and 1779. The Cook Islands became a British protectorate in 1888.
By 1900, administrative control was transferred to New Zealand; in 1965 residents chose self-government in free association with New Zealand.
The Cook Islands contain fifteen islands in the group spread over a vast area in the South Pacific. The majority of islands are low coral atolls in Northern Group, with Rarotonga, a volcanic island in the Southern Group, as the main administration and government centre. The main Cook Islands language is Rarotongan Māori. There are some variations in dialect in the 'outer' islands.

Television
In 2006, the British television station Channel 4 broadcast the TV series show Shipwrecked, which was filmed in the Cook Islands.
Also, in Fall 2006 , the 13th season of CBS's Survivor TV series was filmed in the Cook Islands over the summer of the same year (see: Survivor: Cook Islands).

2007-10-23T09:15:00.001-07:00

History
The main centres of population in the borough are Chingford in the north, Walthamstow in the centre (and the administrative hub including the council offices) and Leyton and Leytonstone to the south. Waltham Forest has the fifth largest Muslim population in England and the third largest in London (coming after its neighbouring boroughs, Newham and Tower Hamlets).

Settlement
Out of the 376 local government districts in England and Wales, Waltham Forest has the 11th largest non-white minority ethnic population. The largest minority ethnic group are black Afro-Carribeans/Africans with a population of 30,300, followed by Pakistanis who number over 17,000. Out of the 376 local government districts in England and Wales, it ranks 19th for over-crowded housing conditions, 29th for unemployment and 17th for number of single-parent households.

Demographics

Leyton
Lea Bridge
Hoe Street
Grove Green
Cann Hall
Wood Street
Higham Hill
High Street
Leytonstone
Chapel End
William Morris
Markhouse
Valley
Cathall
Larkswood
Forest
Endlebury
Hale End and Highams Park
Hatch Lane
Chingford Green Borough wards
Postcode areas which cover part of the borough include:

E4
E5
E7
E10
E11
E15
E17
IG8 Postcode Areas

Cambridge Road estate, Walthamstow
Oatland Rise, Walthamstow
Gosport Road estate, Walthamstow
Chingford Hall estate, Chingford
Oliver Close, Leyton
Beaumont road, Leyton
Leyton Grange, Leyton
Cathall, Leytonstone
Thatched House, Leytonstone
Wanstead Flats, Leytonstone
Priory Court, Walthamstow Major Council Estates
Waltham Forest is one of five host boroughs in East London for the 2012 Olympics in London.
The London Velopark which will be constructed in the borough, will include a 6,000 seat indoor velodrome for track cycling and a 6,000 seat outdoor BMX racing track.
The training facilities at the Waltham Forest Pool & Track will be used by Olympians to prepare for the Olympics.

Future

Education

Ainslie Wood Primary School
Barclay Primary School
Barn Croft School
Beaumont Primary School
Cann Hall Primary School
Chapel End Infants' School
Chapel End Junior School
Chase Lane Primary School
Chingford CofE Infant School
Chingford CofE Junior School
Chingford Hall Community Primary School
Coppermill Primary School
Davies Lane Primary School
Dawlish Primary School
Downsell Primary School
Edinburgh Primary School
George Tomlinson Primary School
Greenleaf Primary School
Gwyn Jones Primary School
Handsworth Primary School
Henry Maynard Infants' School
Henry Maynard Junior School
Hillyfield Primary School
Jenny Hammond School
Larkswood Primary School
Longshaw Primary School
Mayville Primary School
Mission Grove Primary School
Newport School
Oakhill Primary School
Riverley Primary (formerly Church Mead Infants)
Roger Ascham Primary School
Selwyn Primary School
South Grove Primary School
St Helen's Catholic Infant School
St Joseph's Catholic Infant School
St Joseph's Catholic Junior School
St Mary's Catholic Junior School
St Mary's Catholic Primary School
St Mary's CofE VA Primary School
St Patrick's Catholic Primary School
St Saviour's CofE Voluntary Aided Primary School
Stoneydown Park Primary School
Sybourn Infants' School
Sybourn Junior School
The Woodside School
Thomas Gamuel Primary School
Thorpe Hall Primary School
Wellington Primary School
Whitehall Primary School
Whittingham Community Primary School
Willow Brook Primary (formerly Church Mead Juniors)
Winns Primary School
Woodford Green Primary School
Yardley Primary School Infants & Primary schools

Main article: List of Secondary Schools in Waltham Forest Secondary schools

Leyton
Temple Mills
Lea Bridge
Cann Hall
Wood Street
Higham Hill
Walthamstow
Walthamstow Central
Walthamstow village
Leytonstone
Highams Park
North Chingford
Chingford Districts in Waltham Forest

Transport

Leyton tube station
Leytonstone tube station Central Line

Walthamstow Central tube station
Blackhorse Road tube station Victoria Line

St James Street railway station
Walthamstow Central railway station
Wood Street railway station
Highams Park railway station
Chingford railway station Lee Valley Line

Leyton Midland Road railway station
Leytonstone High Road railway station Notable residents

Waltham Forest parks and open spaces
Whipps Cross Hospital

2007-10-22T10:04:00.001-07:00

From the Second Republic to the Jura Federation
Parts of the anarchist movement, based in Switzerland, started theorizing propaganda of the deed. After Auguste Vaillant's assassination attempt, the "Opportunist Republicans" voted in 1893 the first anti-terrorist laws, which were quickly denounced as lois scélérates. These laws severely restricted freedom of expression. The first one condemned apology of any felony or crime as a felony itself, permitting wide-spread censorship of the press. The second one allowed to condemn any person directly or indirectly involved in a propaganda of the deed act, even if no killing was effectively carried on. The last one condemned any person or newspaper using anarchist propaganda (and, by extension, socialist libertarians present or former members of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA):
"1. Either by provocation or by apology... [anyone who has] encouraged one or several persons in committing either a stealing, or the crimes of murder, looting or arson...; 2. Or has addressed a provocation to military from the Army or the Navy, in the aim of diverting them from their military duties and the obedience due to their chiefs... will be deferred before courts and punished by a prison sentence of three months to two years.

The propaganda of the deed period and exile to Britain
Le Libertaire, a newspaper created by Sébastien Faure, one of the leader supporter of Alfred Dreyfus, and Louise Michel, alias "The Red Virgin", published its first issue on November 16, 1895. The Confédération générale du travail (CGT) trade-union was created the same year, from the fusion of the various Bourses du travail (Fernand Pelloutier), the unions and the industries' federations. Dominated by anarcho-syndicalists, the CGT adopted the Charte d'Amiens in 1906, a year after the unification of the other socialist tendencies in the SFIO party (French Section of the Second International) led by Jean Jaurès and Jules Guesde.
Only 8 French delegates attended the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam in August 1907. According to historian Jean Maitron, the anarchist movement in France was divided into those who rejected the sole idea of organisation, and were therefore opposed to the very idea of an international organisation, and those who put all their hopes in syndicalism, and thus "were occupied elsewhere" . The Fédération communiste révolutionnaire anarchiste, headed by Sébastien Faure, succeeded to the FCA in August 1913.
The French anarchist milieu also included many individualists. Influenced by Max Stirner's egoism and the criminal/political exploits of Clément Duval and Marius Jacob, France became the birthplace of illegalism, a controversial anarchist ideology that openly embraced criminality.
Relations between individualist and communist anarchists remained poor throughout the pre-war years. Following the 1913 trial of the infamous Bonnot Gang, the FCA condemned individualism as bourgeois and more in keeping with capitalism than communism. An article believed to have been written by Peter Kropotkin, in the British anarchist paper Freedom, argued that "Simple-minded young comrades were often led away by the illegalists' apparent anarchist logic; outsiders simply felt disgusted with anarchist ideas and definitely stopped their ears to any propaganda."
After the assassination of anti-militarist socialist leader Jean Jaurès a few days before the beginning of World War I, and the subsequent rallying of the Second International and the workers' movement to the war, even some anarchists supported the Sacred Union (Union Sacrée) government. Jean Grave, Peter Kropotkin and others published the Manifeste des Seize supporting the Triple Entente against Germany. A clandestine issue of the Libertaire was published on June 15, 1917.

1895-1914
After the war, the CGT became more reformist, and anarchists progressively drifted out. Formerly dominated by the anarcho-syndicalists, the CGT split into a non-communist section and a communist CGTU after the 1920 Tours Congress which marked the creation of the French Communist Party (PCF). A new weekly series of the Libertaire was edited, and the anarchists announced the imminent creation of an Anarchist Federation. A Union Anarchiste (UA) group was constituted in November 1919 against the Bolsheviks, and the first daily issue of the Libertaire got out on December 4, 1923.
Russian exiles, among them Nestor Makhno and Piotr Arshinov, founded in Paris the review Dielo Trouda (Дело Труда, The Сause of Labour) in 1925. Makhno co-wrote and co-published The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists, which put forward ideas on how anarchists should organize based on the experiences of revolutionary Ukraine and the defeat at the hand of the Bolsheviks. The document was initially rejected by most anarchists, but today has a wide following. It remains controversial to this day, some (including, at the time of publication, Voline and Malatesta) viewing its implications as too rigid and hierarchical. Platformism, as Makhno's position came to be known, advocated ideological unity, tactical unity, collective action and discipline, and federalism. Five hundred people attended Makhno's 1934 funeral at the Père-Lachaise.
In June 1926, "The Organisational Platform Project for a General Union of Anarchists", best known under the name "Archinov's Platform", was launched. Voline responded by publishing a "Synthesis" project in his article Le problème organisationnel et l'idée de synthèse (The Organisational Problem and the Idea of a Synthesis). After the Orleans Congress (July 12-14, 1926), the Anarchist Union (UA) transformed itself into the Communist Anarchist Union (UAC, Union anarchiste communiste). The gap widened between proponents of Platformism and those who followed Voline's Synthesis.
The Congress of the Fédération autonome du Bâtiment (November 13-14, 1926 in Lyon, created the CGT-SR (Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire) with help from members of the Spanish Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), which prompted the CGT's revolutionary syndicalists to join it. Julien Toublet became the new trade-union's secretary. Le Libertaire became again a weekly newspaper in 1926.
At the Orleans Congress of October 31 and November 1, 1927, the UAC became Platformist. The minority of those whom followed Voline split and create the Association des fédéralistes anarchistes (AFA) which diffused the Trait d'union libertaire then La Voix Libertaire. Some Synthesists later rejoined the UAC (in 1930), which took the initiative of a Congress in 1934 to unite the anarchist movement on the basis of anti-fascism. The Congress took place on May 20 and 21, 1934, following the February 6, 1934 far right riots in Paris. All of the left wing feared a fascist coup d'état, and the anarchists were at the spearhead of the antifascist movement. The AFA dissolved itself the same year, and joined the new group, promptly renamed Union anarchiste. However, a Fédération communiste libertaire later created itself after a new split in the UA.
Anarchists then participated in the general strikes during the Popular Front (1936-38) which led to the Matignon Accords (40 hours week, etc.). Headed by Léon Blum, the Popular Front did not intervene in the Spanish civil war, because of the Radicals' presence in the government. Thus, Blum blocked the Brigades from crossing the borders and sent ambulances to the Republicans, while Hitler and Mussolini were sending men and weapons to Franco. In the same way, Blum refused to boycott the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, and to support the People's Olympiad in Barcelona. Some anarchists became members of International Antifascist Solidarity (Solidarité internationale antifasciste), which helped volunteers illegally cross the border, while others went to Spain and joined the Durruti Column's French-speaking contingent, The Sébastien Faure Century. A Fédération anarchiste de langue française (FAF) developed from a split in the UA, and denounce the collusion between the French anarchists with the Popular Front, as well as criticizing the CNT-FAI's participation to the Republican government in Spain. The FAF edited Terre libre, in which Voline collaborated. Before World War II, there are thus two organizations, the Union anarchiste (UA), which has as newspaper Le Libertaire, and the Fédération anarchiste française (FAF) which has the Terre libre newspaper. However, to the contrary of the French Communist Party (PCF) which had organized a clandestine network before the war — Edouard Daladier's government even had made it illegal after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact —, the anarchist groups hadn't any clandestine infrastructure set in 1940. Hence, as all other parties apart of the PCF, they quickly became completely disorganized during and after the Battle of France.

From World War I to World War II
After Operation Barbarossa and the Allies' landing in North Africa, Marshall Pétain, head of the new "French State" which had replaced the Republic, saw "the bad wind approaching." (le mauvais vent s'approcher). The Resistance began to start organizing itself in 1942-1943. Meanwhile, the French police, under the orders of René Bousquet and his second, Jean Leguay, systematically added to the list of targets designed by the Gestapo (communists, freemasons and Jews) the anarchists .
On July 19, 1943, a clandestine meeting of anarchist activists took place in Toulouse; they spoke of the Fédération internationale syndicaliste révolutionnaire. On January 15, 1944, the new Fédération anarchiste decided on a charter approved in Agen on October 29-30, 1944. Decision was taken to publish clandestinely Le Libertaire as to maintain relations; its first issue was published in December 1944. After the Liberation, the newspaper again became a bi-weekly, and on October 6-7, 1945, the Assises du mouvement libertaire were held.

Under Vichy
The Fédération anarchiste (FA) was founded in Paris on December 2, 1945, and elected George Fontenis as first secretary the next year. It was composed of a majority of activists from the former FA (which supported Voline's Synthesis) and some members of the former Union anarchiste, which supported the CNT-FAI support to the Republican government during the Spanish Civil War, as well as some young Resistants. A youth organization of the FA (the ''Jeunesses libertaires) was also created. Apart of some individualist anarchists grouped behind Emile Armand, who published 'l'Unique' and 'L'En-dehors', and some pacifists (Louvet and Maille who published "A contre-courant"), the French anarchists were thus united in the FA. Furthermore, a confederate structure was created to coordinate publications with Louvet and 'Ce qu'il faut dire' newspaper, the anarcho-syndicalist minority of the reunited CGT (gathered into the Fédération syndicaliste française (FSF), they represented the "Action syndicaliste" current inside the CGT), and 'Le Libertaire" newspaper. The FSF finally transformed itself into the actual Confédération nationale du travail (CNT) on December 6, 1946, adopting the Paris charter and publishing 'Le Combat Syndicaliste'.
The Confédération nationale du travail (CNT, or National Confederation of Labour) was founded in 1946 by Spanish anarcho-syndicalists in exile with former members of the CGT-SR. The CNT later split into the CNT-Vignoles and the CNT-AIT, which is the French section of the IWA.
The anarchists started the 1947 insurrectionary strikes at the Renault factories, crushed by Interior Minister socialist Jules Moch, whom created for the occasion the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS) riot-police. Because of the CNT's inner divisions, some FA activists decided to participate to the creation of the reformist CGT-FO, issued from a split within the communist dominated CGT.
The FA participated to the International Anarchist Congress of Puteaux in 1949, which gathered structured organizations as well as autonomous groups and individuals (from Germany, USA, Bolivia, Cuba, Argentina, Peru...) Some communist anarchists organized themselves early 1950 in a fraction, named 'Organisation pensée bataille' (OPB) which had as aim to impose a single political stance and centralize the organization.
The GAAP (Groupes anarchistes d'action prolétarienne) were created on February 24-25, 1951, in Italy by former members of the FAI excluded at the congress of Ancône. The same year, the FA decides, on a proposition from the Louise Michel group animated by Maurice Joyeux, to substitute individual vote to group vote. The adopted positions gain federalist status, but are not imposed to individuals. Individualists opposed to this motion failed to block it. 'Haute fréquence', a surrealist manifest was published in ''Le Libertaire' on July 6, 1951. Some surrealists started working with the FA. Furthermore, the 'Mouvement indépendant des auberges de jeunesse' (MIAJ, Independent Movement of Youth Hostels) was created at the end of 1951.
The June 1952 Bordeaux Congress of the FA clearly adopted a communist libertarian orientation, leading to a first scission in October. The latter regroup in l'Entente anarchiste, bulletin de relation, d'information, de coordination, et d'étude organisationnelle du mouvement anarchiste, which first issue is dated October 30, 1952. The Entente gathered Georges Vincey, Tessier, Louis Louvet, André Prudhommeaux, but also Raymond Beaulaton and Fernand Robert, two strange individuals who would turn far right during the Algerian war.
Le Libertaire published on June 5, 1952 a letter from Albert Camus concerning Gaston Leval's study of "Bakunin and 'L'Homme révolté"
The FA transformed itself into the Fédération communiste libertaire (FCL) after the 1953 Congress in Paris, while an article in 'Le Libertaire' indicated the end of the cooperation with the surrealists. The FCL regrouped between 130 to 160 activists. The 'Entente anarchiste' dissolved itself and joined the new FCL, forcing Maurice Joyeux to compromise with the individual anarchists of the Entente. The new decision-making process was founded on unanimity: each person has a right of veto on the orientations of the federation. The FCL published the same year the 'Manifeste du communisme libertaire'.
The FCL published its 'workers' program' in 1954, which was heavily inspired by the CGT's revendications. The Internationale comuniste libertaire (ICL), which groups the Italian GAAP, the Spanish Ruta and the Mouvement libertaire nord-africain (MLNA, North African Libertarian Movement), was founded to replace the Anarchist International, deemed too reformist. The ICL, however, had only a short life period. The same year, the FCL criticized the 'bolchevik' orientation of the federation infiltrated by the secret OPB. The first issue of the monthly 'Monde libertaire', the news organ of the FA which would be published until 1977, got out in October 1954. On August 15-20, 1954, the Ve intercontinental plenum of the CNT took place.
On November 1, 1954, the Toussaint rouge (Red All Saints day) marked the beginning of the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62). The FCL supported the Algerian people's struggle, making it a target of state repression.
Gaston Leval quit the FA in 1955 to create the 'Cahiers du socialisme libertaire'. Several groups quit the FCL in December 1955, disagreeing with the decision to present 'revolutionary candidates' to the legislative elections. This scission gave rise to the creation of the GAAR (Groupes anarchistes d'action révolutionnaire) who published until 1970 the 'Noir et Rouge' newspaper. The GAAR claimed to be the "expression of the communist anarchist tendency of the libertarian movement". They adopted the platform, that is tactical and ideological unity, collective responsibility and support to the National Liberation Front.
The Fédération communiste libertaire (FCL) defined its 'critical support' to the Algerian people's struggle: anti-colonialism, support to progressive factions of Algerian resistance, and work as to make the fall of colonialism a revolutionary transformation of society. The FCL carried explosives and weapons for the MLNA. A member of the FCL, Pierre Morain, was condemned to prison in 1955, being the first French to be incarcerated for his solidarity with the Algerian cause.
Regrouped behind Robert and Beaulaton, some activists of the former Entente anarchiste quit the FA and created on November 25, 1956 in Bruxelles the AOA (Alliance ouvrière anarchiste), which edited 'L'Anarchie' and would drift to the far right during the Algerian war.
At the January 1956 legislative elections in Paris, the FCL presented some candidates and obtained some very scarce votes. State repression got worse, trials, censorship and seizing of the 'Libertaire' newspapers became current. Some FCL activists (George Fontenis, Philippe, Morain...) entered clandestinity to avoid prison, and the Libertaire ceased to be edited in July 1956. The MNLA, linked to the FCL, dissolved after harsh repression. The last FCL activists were arrested in 1957.

The Fourth Republic (1945-1958)
The Situationist International was one, often overestimated, influence in the 1950s. Anarchists participated in the riots and strikes of May 1968, and then in the autonomist movement. They were also largely present in new social movements, as well as in prisoners' movement such as the Groupe information prisons (GIP) founded by Michel Foucault and Daniel Defert. In the 1980s, they became involved in the struggle against expulsion of illegal aliens.

The Fifth Republic (1958)
An uprising and general strike of students and workers in May of 1968 in Paris (and subsequently spreading to the rest of the country) was led in part by some anarchists, including the then-anarchist Daniel Cohn-Bendit.

May 1968
See also Category:French anarchists.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
Joseph Déjacque (1821-1864)
Louise Michel (1830-1905)
Elisée Reclus (1830-1905)
Georges Sorel (1847-1922)
Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921; he spent a long time in France)
Nestor Makhno (died in Paris in 1934, 500 hundred persons at his funeral at the Père Lachaise cemetery)
Jean Grave (1854-1939)
Sébastien Faure (1858-1942)
Jules Bonnot (1876-1912)
Marius Jacob (1879-1954)
Maurice Joyeux (1910-1991)
Georges Fontenis (1920)
Jean Maitron (1910-1987), French historian, specialized in the labour movement
Alexander Grothendieck (1928-?) Notable individuals

Anarchist Federation (FA, 1945)
Bonnot Gang (illegalist, 1911)
CNT-F (revolutionary-syndicalist, 1945)
CNT-AIT (anarcho-syndicalist, 1945) http://cnt-ait.info English section of the web site : [1]
No Pasaran (SCALP, antifascist,1984)
Alternative libertaire (1991, member of the International Libertarian Solidarity)
Libertarian Communist Organization (OCL, 1976)
Anarchists Union (1979) Bibliography

Federation Libertaire
CNT France
Radio Libertaire
Le Monde Libertaire

2007-10-21T11:15:00.001-07:00

Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County (Uyghur Yengi Yezik̢: Taxk̢urƣan; Simplified Chinese: 塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县; Pinyin: Tǎshìkù'ěrgàn Tǎjíkè zìzhìxiàn; Sariquli Tajik in IPA: tɔʃqyrʁɔn tuʤik ɔftunum nɔja; sometimes spelled Tashkorgan, Tashkurghan etc.) is one of the counties of Kashgar Prefecture in western Xinjiang.

Climate
The total population of Taxkorgan is 27800, among them 84% Tajiks, 4% Han and 12% other nationalities. (Figures of 1995)

Population
During the Han dynasty, Taxkorgan was known as Puli(Púlí 蒲犁); during the Tang dynasty, it was a protectorate of the Parthians, during the Yuan dynasty it was part of the Chaghatai empire. Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County was created in 1954 and is part of the district of Kashgar.

Main villages
The county is served by Karakoram Highway, which runs through Tashkorgan City.

2007-10-20T08:56:00.001-07:00

Wayne Munn was a professional wrestler and collegiate football player from the University of Nebraska.

Wrestling career
His fame as a footballer attracted the attention of wrestling star, Ed Lewis and promoters Toots Mondt and Billy Sandow, who prematurely pushed Munn as the next big star in the sport. Munn won the World title from Lewis in 1925, despite his limited wrestling and shooting ability. This backfired on Lewis and his camp, as Munn subsequently lost the Title to Stanislaus Zbyszko in a famous double-cross (shoot), as Zbyszko legitimately pinned Munn, despite agreeing to lose to him prior to the match. Munn, unable to defend himself against Zbyszko's holds, was beaten decisively. Munn held the title for a little over three months.

2007-10-19T10:27:00.001-07:00

The Kornilov Affair (Russian: Корниловщина, Kornilovshchina) was a confused struggle between General Lavr Kornilov and Aleksandr Kerensky in August/September, 1917, in between the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the October Revolution. Recently appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army, General Kornilov may have been the victim of Kerensky's jealousy of a possible rival. Kerensky was later to claim that the affair was a turning point in the revolution, in the sudden revival – and eventual triumph – of the Bolsheviks.
Kornilov shared the widespread belief of many Russians that the country was descending into anarchy and that military defeat on the Eastern front against the Central Powers would be disastrous for Russian pride and honour. Lenin and his 'German spies', he announced, should be hanged, the Soviets stamped out, military discipline restored and the provisional government restructured. He thought, thanks to unclear and perhaps deliberately distorted communications from Petrograd, that Kerensky had authorized him to impose order in the capital and restructure the government, and ordered the Third Corps to Petrograd to place it under martial law.
Ignoring attempts by Boris Savinkov, who suspected there was a misunderstanding, to mediate, Kerensky dismissed his commander-in-chief from his post on September 9, claiming Kornilov intended to set up a military dictatorship. Kornilov, convinced Kerensky had been taken prisoner by the Bolsheviks and was acting under duress, replied by issuing a call to all Russians to "save their dying land." Uncertain of the support of his army generals, Kerensky was forced to ask for help from other quarters – these included the Bolshevik Red Guards. When Kerensky wired General Krymov to halt the Third Corp's advance on Petrograd, Krymov obeyed once he realized the capital was not in fact in the hands of the Bolsheviks.
Kornilov's attempt to seize power collapsed without bloodshed as his Cossacks deserted the cause. He and some 7000 supporters were arrested. Although Kerensky survived the Kornilov coup, the event weakened his government substantially and paved the way for the Bolsheviks to seize power shortly thereafter in the October Revolution. The fact that Kerensky had also armed the Red Guards meant that when the October Revolution came the Red Army was more powerful than it perhaps could, and should have been.
Richard Pipes summarizes as follows (p 463): "Was there a 'Kornilov plot'? Almost certainly not. All the available evidence, rather, points to a 'Kerensky plot' engineered to discredit the general as the ringleader of an imaginary but widely anticipated counterrevolution, the suppression of which would elevate the Prime Minister to a position of unrivaled popularity and power... A commission appointed in October 1917 completed in June 1918... an investigation into the Kornilov Affair. It concluded that the accusations leveled at Kornilov were baseless: Kornilov's military moves had been intended not to overthrow the Provincial Government but to defend it from the Bolsheviks. The Commission completely exonerated Kornilov, accusing Kerensky of 'deliberately distort[ing] the truth in the matter of Kornilov from lack of courage to admit guilt for the grandiose mistake' he had committed."